"^"No^^egf^^' LANGUAGE OF SANTA ANA PUEBLO — DAVIS 123 



Interrogatives. — A large majority of interrogatives begin with ha-, 

 suggesting that this is a derivational morpheme: 



Clitics are a class of morphemes which do not effect morphophonemic 

 voicing of a previous vowel as do suffixes (see "Voicing") but which, 

 on the basis of distributional evidence, are not treated as free words 

 (see "Units of Analysis"). Their position, then, is intermediate 

 between that of an affix and a free word. 



In terms of function there are four kinds of clitics, all of which occur 

 as postclitics : 



1. Pluralizing clitics occur following a limited number of referentials 

 and verbs which function as subject or object. The most commonly 

 occurring of these clitics is -d^e-ml: 



ka-wi-d^^-mf his children 



ka bfuna-d^^-mf his servants 



2. Locative-instrumental clitics occur following words which 

 function as subject or object and include the morphemes -di, -dilsA, 

 -§i, and -si: 



m6sA-di on the table 



hfnu-dikA by me {through my instrumentality) 



gaw4-yu-si by horseback 



gdmA-si in his hov^e 



3. The nominalizer, -se, is often attached to verbs which function 

 as the subject or object of a clause: 



gd,winuska-ti-s6 his two hearts 



4. The clitics -§anu and -d^anu (often contracted to -§au and -d^'au 

 with nasalized vowels) occur following referentials which refer to 

 living beings or following kinship terms (verbs) which function as 

 subject or object. They occur rather frequently in narrative text 

 recounting happenings of the distant past. The clitic -sanu occurs 

 in ordinary narrative while -d^anu carries a dubitative connotation : 



kdukui-sanu his wife 



k^dyuma-d^anu his brother {reported to be) 



Both pluralizing and narrative past tense clitics may occur in the 

 same word. In such cases the past tense clitic always follows the 

 plurahzing clitic : 



c^-wi-dy^-mf-sanu his children 



