^^No^^egf^^' LANGUAGE OF SANTA ANA PUEBLO — DAVIS 125 



its minimal form consists of a single verb. There need not be an 

 expressed subject other than the pronominal marker incorporated 

 in the verb. Expanded forms of the predicate clause may contain 

 an expressed subject and/or object as well as various other elements. 

 Certain kinds of word sequences which do not include a verb func- 

 tioning as predicate are treated as special types of clauses. These 

 word sequences lend themselves to description as clauses comparable 

 to predicate clauses because: (1) they are units with a more or less 

 fixed structure and may be described in terms of function slots in the 

 same manner as predicate clauses; (2) they possess a semantic con- 

 tent comparable to that of predicate clauses and, although not 

 containing a predicate, are usually best translated by full English 

 sentences; (3) they correlate closely with phonological units in the 

 same manner as predicate clauses which, as with all clauses, tend to 

 be set off by pauses in a connected text; and (4) their length and 

 distribution in the text is such that their incorporation into contiguous 

 predicate clauses often would result in unwieldy units. These 

 special clauses are of three types: prepositional clauses, interrogative 

 clauses, and 'i'eu clauses, all of which will be described under "Non- 

 predicate Clauses." 



The term sentence will be used much in its traditional sense to refer 

 to a word or group of words which expresses an independent utterance, 

 not part of any larger syntactic construction. A sentence may be a 

 single independent clause, or it may consist of two or more clauses, 

 one of which is an independent clause. 



MAJOR FUNCTION SLOTS AND THEIR FILLERS 



Nine major function slots are identified within Santa Ana Keresan 

 clauses. Each function slot, assigned an uppercase letter for easy 

 reference, is described in the sections to follow. 



In the description of the elements which may fill a function slot 

 the occurrence of narrative particles are ignored. These particles 

 occur with very high frequency in narrative text but are not considered 

 to be an essential part of the syntactic structure. Although they 

 contribute to the sense of continuity of a narrative and are roughly 

 equivalent to English "And then . . . ," their omission in no way 

 changes the basic structure and meaning of the utterance. The 

 narrative particles, su, '•'e, 'i'eu, ?ai, and du, occur either singly or in 

 various combinations. The more commonly occurring combinations 

 are: 



su 'e ?eu su 



su "^e su 'i'eu su 'i'e 



su du ?ai su 



su ''e du 'i'ai su "^e 

 ?e su 



