140 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 191 



meaningless apart from the context in which they are spoken. The 

 fragment may be semantically dependent on the immediate linguistic 

 context or on the non-linguistic context. 



Fragment utterances are most commonly exclamations or short 

 answers to questions. They do not occupy a definable slot within a 

 clause or larger unit and are themselves too brief for syntactic analysis. 

 The following are examples of the 103 fragment utterances occurring in 

 the text: 



ha- Yes. 



hind O.K. 



he What? 



'eu he 7s that so? 



ma- na su Let's go! 



hawi- Here! 



w6-fe Thanks. 



COMPLEX SENTENCES 



The narrative text on which this analysis is based consists, for the 

 most part, of a series of independent clauses, each of which is in itself 

 a complete structural unit. Since each independent clause is a com- 

 plete sentence and is, in general, relatively brief, a Santa Ana narrative 

 appears highly fragmented as compared with English. 



There are in the text two types of complex sentences, each com- 

 posed of an independent clause with one or more dependent clauses. 

 The first type of complex sentence is composed of an independent 

 clause followed by one or more dependent clauses of the type intro- 

 duced by the connective gu. There are 43 sentences of this type in 

 the text, including the following example: 



independent clause dependent clause 



?ai su ?e ?fskA cii?ducdyucA gu 'i'lskA ?eu su cd^dubanai^i 

 one he broke it and one he put it in 



Then he broke one and put one in {his pocket) . 



The second type of complex sentence is composed of an independent 

 clause preceded or followed by one or more prepositional clauses. 

 There are 27 occurrences of this type of sentence in the text, including 

 the following examples: 



independent clause dependent clause 



?e su ?e su si yuku ziaku ^eu sandiya-ku 'i'ai df?d,i pdkAcisu 



back away he went St. James there gully 



Then St. James went away again into the gully. 



