196 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 191 



Massawomeck, and of its possible synonyms, and proceeded to a 

 consideration of the synonyms of the synonyms. This led respectively 

 to a consideration of such names as Pocaughtawonauck, Massomack, 

 Erie, Black Miaqua, Arrigahaga, Richahecrian, Rickohockan, and 

 even of such groups as the Nayssone, Monocan, Mannahoack, and 

 Saponi. In the course of this exploration a number of longstanding 

 problems and disputes emerged in a new light, and a number of 

 previous concepts were revealed as inaccurate. It is the purpose of 

 this report to present the evidence and conclusions thus assembled 

 and arrived at, and to indicate the impUcations of this material. 



EVIDENCE FOR RELATIONSHIPS 

 1. POCAUGHTAWONAUCK-MASSAWOMECK CONNECTION 



The Pocaughtawonauck Indians first are referred to on the so-caUed 

 Anonymous-Zuniga map (pi, 26) dating from c. 1608, which was 

 apparently drafted in the Virginia Colony, sent to England, acquired 

 in copy or original by Spanish spies, and sent to PhUip III by the 

 Spanish ambassador to England, Don Pedro de Zuniga. 



The map depicts Tidewater Virginia and North Carolina between 

 Cape Lookout and the Potomac River, and reflects not only the current 

 English knowledge of the Virginia coastal plain, but also the current 

 belief in a sea or ocean west of the mountains at the headwaters of the 

 Virginia rivers. West of the head of the Rappahanock River (which 

 can be identified through comparison with map 4, the printed John 

 Smith map of 1612), the Anonymous-Zuniga map displays a legend 

 reading: 



Pocaughtawonaucks, a salvage people dwelling upon the bay beyond this mayne 

 that eat of men and women. [Brown, 1890, vol. 1, pp. 183-185.] 



This legend can be compared with John Smith's comments in his 

 "True Relation" of 1608, where he states 



[that Powhatan] described also vpon the same Sea, a mighty Nation called 

 Pocoughtronack, a fierce Nation that did eate men, and warred with the people 

 of Moyaoncer [Moyaones, of the Piscataway] and Pataromerke [Potomac], 

 Nations vpon the toppe of the head of the Bay, vnder his territories; where the 

 yeare before they had slain an hundred. He signified their crownes were shaven, 

 long haire in the necke, tied on a knot. Swords like Pollaxes. [Smith, 1884, 

 p. 20.] 



In his famous printed map of 1612, however, Smith no longer uses 

 the name "Pocaughtawonauck." In its place, beyond the supposed 

 headwaters of the Potomac and the Rappahanock, he has the name 

 "Massawomeck" signifying a people of whose existence he first 



