204 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 191 



[interior of the] country than the Black and White Minquesser, who also do not 

 know any limit to the country, but as far as they have been inland [they have found 

 that] the country is occupied by savage nations alongside of nations of various 

 kinds. [Lindestrom, 1925, p. 166.] 



The identity of tlie White Minqua, or simply Minqua, is easily 

 established. From the information given by Printz and other writers, 

 as well as from the statement made by Thomas Campanius Holm 

 that 



[the Minquas] lived at the distance of twelve [Swedish] miles [or 84 English 

 miles] from New Sweden. [Holm, 1834, p. 157.] 



there is general consensus that these Indians were the Susquehannock 

 of the Susquehanna river. 



The identity of the Black Minqua is indicated fairly explicitly 

 by the Augustine Herrman map of 1673 (map 6), which displays a 

 legend west of the headwaters of the Potomac and the Susquehanna 

 reading: 



These mighty High and great Mountaines trenching N:E and S:W and WSW 

 [the Appalachians] is supposed to be the very middle Ridg of Northern Amer- 

 ica. . . . And as Indians reports from the other side Westwards doe the Rivers 

 take their Origin all issuing out into the West Sea especially first discouered a 

 very great River called the Black Mincquaas River [the Ohio] out of which aboue 

 the Sassquahana fort meetes a branch [the Conemaugh?] some leagues distance 

 opposit to one another out of the Sassquahana River [the Juniata] where formerly 

 those Black Mincquas came over and as far as Delaware to trade but the Sas- 

 squahana and Sinnicus Indians went over and destroyed that very great Nation. 

 [Herrman, 1673.] 



A comparison of the location of the Black Minqua on the Herrman map 

 with the location of the Massawomeck on the John Smith map suggests 

 that these two names identify one and the same people. The John 

 Lederer map of 1672 (map 7) seems to confirm this, for it displays 

 a legend west of the headwaters of the Rappahanock River — 



The Messamomecks dwelt heretofore beyond these Mountaines. 

 The equivalence of the names Massawomeck and Black Minqua thus 

 seems to be indicated strongly. 



4. MASSAWOMECK-ERIE CONNECTION 



Evidence relating to the possible equivalence of the names Mas- 

 sawomeck and Erie is scanty, being limited to the general correlation 

 of the position indicated for the Massawomeck by the Smith and 

 Lederer maps with that indicated for the Erie (Eriehronon) by French 

 sources. Ragueneau, writing in 1648, stated: 



This Lake, called Erie, was formerly inhabited on its Southern shores by 

 certain tribes whom we call the Nation of the Cat; they have been compelled to 

 retire far inland to escape their enemies, who are farther to the West. [Thwaites 

 ed., 1896-1901, vol. 33, p. 63.] 



