^°No'!°7of'^^' APPALACHIAN REGION ANCIENT TRIBES — HOFFMAN 231 



the arrival of Delaware immigrants around 1720. The large Schultz 

 and Brandt sites, already mentioned in connection with the Shenk's 

 Ferry remnants or "captives," represent the final Tioga migration 

 downstream and are dated from 1560 to 1590. These are followed 

 by the Herriot site at Romney, W. Va., and by the large Washington- 

 boro site which dated from 1600 to 1620 and therefore was in existence 

 at the time of John Smith's visit to the area in 1608. Later Tioga 

 sites have not been reported yet (Witthoft, 1955). 



The contemporaneity of the Tioga Washingtonboro site and John 

 Smith's visit permits a reasonable (although circumstantial) identi- 

 fication of the bearers of this culture. In his accounts and map 

 Smith places a tribe named the "Sasquesahanocks" (a "mightie 

 people") upon the Susquehanna River below the mountains and in- 

 dicates several of their towns, one of which might be the Washing- 

 tonboro site. From other sources these "Sasquesahanocks" can be 

 correlated with all or part of the Iroquois-speaking group known to 

 the New York Iroquois, Huron, and French, as the Andasternonnon or 

 Andaste (whence the usual name for the archeological unit) . During 

 the 17th century these people engaged in a long bitter war with the 

 New York Iroquois, and eventually were conquered around 1674. 

 It is interesting to note that while the Andaste language is related 

 closely to Mohawk, the material culture as revealed by archeology is 

 similar to that of the Factory Hollow, Lawson, and Ripley Foci 

 (Cadzow, 1936, pp. 9-38; Hanna, 1911, vol. 1, pp. 26-87; Skinner, 

 1921, pp. 57-67; Witthoft, 1955). 



The historical evidence relative to the location of the Erie-Black 

 Minqua-Massawomeck is scanty and circumstantial, but still suffi- 

 cient for us to correlate this tribal confederation with an archeological 

 complex. From the material on hand it is evident that the Black 

 Minqua were west of the Susquehanna drainage area which, in 1670, 

 was occupied by the Susquehannock (see maps 6 and 8). The state- 

 ments made by John Smith and others make it clear that the Monacan 

 and Manahoac occupied the Virginia Piedmont, and that the Massa- 

 womeck were to the west in the mountains. The French sources 

 also are consistent in placing the Erie in the upper Ohio River area. 

 Three statements are particularly important in this respect. The 

 first, dating from 1661 or 1662, derives from Lallemant. 



Proceeding rather Westerly than Southerly, another band of Iroquois is going 

 four hundred leagues from here [the Iroquois country] in pursuit of a Nation 

 whose only offense consists in its not being Iroquois. It is called Ont°agannha, 

 signifying "the place where people cannot speak" — because of the corrupt Al- 

 gonquin in use there. 



Their villages are situated along a beautiful river which serves to carry the 

 people down the great Lake (for so they call the Sea). . . . [Thwaites, ed., 1896- 

 1901, vol. 47, pp. 145-147.] 

 682-611—64 ^19 



