36 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 51 



once extended that they were constructt-'d like those of Spruce-tree 

 House, a good example of which is shown in plate 9 of the report on 

 that ruin. The floors seem to have been formed of clay hardened by 

 tramping, but there is no evidence of paving with flat stones. The 

 hardened adobe is sometimes laid on sticks without bark and stamped 

 down. Although no instance of extensive rock cutting of the floor 

 was observed in secular rooms, this is a common feature of kiva 

 floors. Floors were generally level, but in some instances, when rock 

 was encountered, the surface was raised in part above the other 

 level. The majority of the floors had been dug into for buried speci- 

 mens before the repair work was begun, but here and there fragments 

 of floors were still intact, showing their former level. Banquettes or 

 ledges around the Avails are rare. In a few instances the unplastered 

 roof of the cave served as the roof of the highest rooms. 



Fireplaces 



Many fireplaces still remain in rooms, but the majority are found 

 m convenient corners of the plazas." The most common situation is 

 in an angle formed by two walls, in which case the fire-pit is generally 

 rimmed with a slightly elevated rounded ridge of adobe. In room 

 84 there is a fireplace in the middle of the floor. At one side of this 

 depression there extends a supplementary groove in the floor, rimmed 

 with stone, the use of which is not known. Although fireplaces are 

 ordinarily half round, a square one occurs in the northwestern 

 corner of room 81. All the fireplaces contained wood ashes, some- 

 times packed hard; but no cinders, large fragments of charcoal, or 

 coal ashes were evident. The sides of the walls above the fireplaces 

 are generally blackened with smoke. 



The fire-holes of the kivas, being specially constructed, are different 

 in shape from those in secular houses. AVhile the cooking fire-pits 

 are generally shallow, kiva fire-holes a foot deep are not excep- 

 tional, and several are much deeper. The fire was kindled in the 

 kiva not so much for heating the room as for lighting it, there be- 

 ing no Avindows for that purpose. Certain kinds of fuel were prob- 

 ably prescribed, but logs were not burned in kivas on account of the 

 heat. No evidences of smoke-hoods or chimneys have been found in 

 any of the Cliff' Palace rooms. The walls of many kivas showed 

 blackening by soot or smoke. 



Living Rooms 



It is difficult to distinguish rooms in which the inhabitants lived 

 from others used by them for storage and other purposes, since 

 most of their work, as cooking, pottery making, and like domestic 



" Smoke on the walls of certain second and third stories shows that fireplaces were 

 not restricted to the ground floor. 



