FEWKES] ANTIQUITIES OF MESA YEEDE NATIONAL. PARK 65 



practically duj)licate those from Spruce-tree House, already described, 

 and probabl}^ are not much unlike those still buried in Long House, 

 Balcon)^ House, and the Plouse with the Square Tower. 



As many ceremonial objects, being highl}^ prized, may have been 

 removed from Clitf Palace when the place was deserted by its in- 

 habitants, the few that remained present scant material from which 

 to add to our knowledge of the ceremonial life of the j)eople. The 

 existence of so many kivas would point to many rites, although a 

 large number of sacred rooms does not necessarily indicate more 

 complex or elaborate rites than a smaller number: multiplicity of 

 kivas does not necessarily mean multiplicity of ceremonies, nor few 

 kivas a limited ritual. In no pueblo are there more complicated cere- 

 monies than at ^Yalpi, where there are only five of these sacred 

 rooms ; but it must be remembered that many of the religions rites of 

 AValpi are performed in kihus, or secular rooms. The same may have 

 been true of Cliff Palace. 



The writer's belief is that in historic times, by which is meant since 

 the advent of missionaries, altars have become more elaborate and 

 rites more complex at Walpi than in prehistoric times, and that 

 through the same influence the use of images or idols has also in- 

 creased. This increase in the complexity of rites may be traced to 

 the amalgamation of clans or to a substitution of the fraternities of 

 priesthoods for simple clan ancestor worship. The elaborate char- 

 acter of ceremonial paraphernalia may likewise be due to accultura- 

 tion,* which increases in complication with the lapse of'time. 



Stone I^ipleisients 



The stone implements from Cliff Palace consist of axes, mauls, 

 paint grinders, pecking stones, metates, balls, flakes, spear and arrow 

 points, and various other articles (pis. 20-22). There is great uni- 

 formity in these implements, the axes, for instance, being generally 

 single edged, although a good specimen of double-edged hatchet is 

 in the collection. A fragment of the peculiar stone implement called 

 tcamahia^ by the Hopi was found. 



Wliile as a rule the hatchets are without handles, one specimen 

 (pi. 20) is exceptional in this particular. The handle of this hatchet 

 from Cliff Palace, like that from Spruce-tree House, elsewhere de- 

 scribed, is a stick bent in a loop around the stone head. 



" For instance, the complicated reredos of many of the modern Hopi altars is made of 

 flat wooden slabs, the manufacture of which would be very difficult for a people ignorant 

 of iron. These probably replaced painted stone slabs of simpler character, examples of 

 which have been found in ruins and indeed still survive in some of the oldest rites. 



^ This object probably came from near Tokonabi, the ancient home of the Snake people 

 of Walpi. on San .Iiian river. Fourteen of these tcamahias form part of the Antelope 

 altar in the Snahe Dance at Walpi. 



-14720°— Bull. ."1— 11 5 



