70 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 51 



spindle whorls. None of the clay disks from Cliff Palace has a 

 central knob or handle like those from Spruce-tree House. 



RELATIONS AS DETER^MINED BY POTTERY 



In the report on Spruce-tree House, using pottery as a basis, the 

 prehistoric culture of the Southwest, including the Gila-Salt arcM, 

 which can not strictly; be designated Pueblo, has been provisionally' 

 divided into several subcultural areas. Among these are the Hopi, a 

 specialized modification of the Little Colorado, the Little Colorado 

 proper, the San Juan, and the Gila-Salt areas. 



Cliff' Palace potter\^ symbols are not closely related to those on 

 old Hopi ware, as typified by the collections from Sikyatki." Neither 

 Cliff' Palace nor Spruce-tree House pottery is closely allied to that of 

 the Little Colorado, as exemplified by Homolobi ware, but bolli 

 have a closer likeness to that from Wukoki, a settlement ascribed 

 to the Snake clans, situated near Black Falls, not far from Flag- 

 staff', Arizona. As a rule the symbolism on pottery from the Little 

 Colorado, which includes that of its upper tributaries, as the Zrnii, 

 Puerco, Leroux, and Cottonwood washes, is a mixture of all types. 

 This river valley has exerted a distributing influence in Pueblo 

 migrations, and in its ruins are found symbols characteristic of 

 many clans, some of which, following up the tributaries of the Salt 

 and the Gila, have brought CasasGrandes decorative elements; others, 

 with sources in the northeast, have contributed designs from an 

 opposite direction. The predominating directions of ceramic culture 

 migration in this valley have been from south to north and from 

 west to east.'' 



The relation of Cliff Palace pottery designs to the symbolism or 

 decorative motives characteristic of the Gila valley ruins is remote. 

 Several geometrical patterns are common to all areas of the South- 

 west, but specialized features characterize each of these areas. The 

 pottery from Cliff Palace finds its nearest relation throughout the 

 upper San Juan region ; the most distant to that of ruins in northern 

 Arizona near Colorado Grande.^ 



" Sikyatki ware is more closely related to that of the aucient Jeinez and Pajarito sub- 

 area than to that made by the Snake clans when they lived at Tokonabi, their old home, 

 or at Black Falls sh.ortly before they arrived at Walpi. Careful study of ancient Walpi 

 pottery made by the Bear clan before the arrival of the Snake clans shows great simi- 

 larity to Sikyatki pottery, and the same holds regarding the ware from old Shongopovi. 



t' In the ruins found on the banks of the Little Colorado at Black Falls, the predominat- 

 ing influence, as shown by pottery symbols, has been from the north. It is known from 

 legends that Wukoki was settled by clans from the north, the close likeness to the symbols 

 of the San .Iiian valley supporting traditions still current at Walpi. 



■"A thorough comparative study of I'ueblo pottery symbolism is much restricted on 

 account of lack of material from all ceramic culture areas of the Southwest. It is like- 

 wise made difficult by a mixture of types produced by the migration of clans from one area 

 to another. The subject is capable of scientific treatment, but at present is most diffi- 

 cult of analysis. 



