CULTURAL AND HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY OF SOUTHWEST GUATEMALA—McBRYDE 121 
man verifies in some measure the later history of 
San Marcos; for his map (about 1685; Fuentes y 
Guzman 1932-33, vol. 2, opposite p. 60) shows San 
Marcos near Santa Cruz, even east of it; however, in 
about 1700, Vazquez states that, going east from San 
Pablo “‘the first town one comes to. . . is San Mar- 
cos” (Vazquez, 1937-38, p. 171). This could refer 
either to the present site or to Jaibalito, as both are 
between San Pablo and Santa Cruz. 
SANTA CRUZ AND TZUNUNA 
Economically as well as physically there is a fairly 
close parallel between the municipios of Santa Cruz 
(particularly the aldea, Tzununa) and San Marcos 
(map 20; pl. 45, d, e). The last two named are 
at present among the closest neighbors on the Lake, 
and the erstwhile proximity of the sites of San 
Marcos and Santa Cruz has already been pointed 
out. The latter is but slightly better situated with 
regard to area and quality of land than are the two 
villages west of it (San Pablo and San Marcos). 
Fruits, mostly uncultivated, are prominent among 
the products of all the wooded ravines along the 
northwest shore; far more so than on the more open 
south side. Though in the main, fruits are consumed 
locally, these north shore municipios seem to 
derive a small profit from them in the markets. 
The area is too high for large papayas like those of 
the Lowlands and too low for the best grade High- 
land anonas (A. cherimolia).1°® Certain smaller fruits 
thrive, however, especially matasano and injerto; 
and there are avocados, mangos,!®7 and small, gen- 
erally acid guavas, wild or semicultivated. The im- 
portant ‘fruits, and those which enter the markets, 
are the several yellow jocotes, oranges, and limas. 
I have seen numbers of Santa Cruz and Tzununa 
men in Chicacao early in March selling limas (pl. 
27, f), oranges, tomatoes, onions, and boiled jocotes, 
168 All along this shore these anonas were small, inferior, and wormy 
(a common condition even higher up) and hardly valued at all. Regions 
from 1,950 to 2,200 m. (6,398 to 7,218 ft.) are best for them; at 
Concepcién, at the former elevation, being as famous for anonas as for 
avocados. The Anuario del Servicio Tecnico, 1931, p. 59, gives 1,220 
m. to 1,830 m. (4,000 to 6,000 ft.) as the best general limits, but 
this does not appear true on the Lake. Papayas (op. cit., p. 66, gives 
1,220 m. as the upper limit) bear small fruit at Cerro de Oro, 1,585 m. 
(5,200 ft.), on the south shore, which is the highest record I have for 
them. Bukasov (1930, p. 536) places the upper limit of papayas at 
1,700 m. (5,577 ft.), but they certainly do not go so high by the Lake, 
despite its mild climate. That the fruits on the north side, as at San 
Marcos, are generally too small to eat is evidence of climatic and 
edaphic differences between the two sides of the Lake. The behavior 
of both these fruit plants is indicative of the relative mildness of this 
basin, for its elevation, apparently owing, in part at least, to the water 
body (see p. 131). 
187 The Anuario del Servicio Tecnico, 1931, p. 81, gives as the usual 
upper limit of mango 1,220 m. 
which were much in demand; the same, with fresh 
jocotes, sugarcane, tomatoes, and bananas, in Pana- 
jachel and Solola. The jocotes of Santa Cruz were 
the following: Chicha, petapa, and mico, approxi- 
mately in descending order of importance (though 
only the first two, with some corona, were much 
sold) ; Santa Cruz seemed to have more petapa. 
Corona was rare, much having been inundated by the 
rising Lake, especially at Tzununa. (See Appendix 
2, table 8; pl. 19, c.) 
That even limes (only about one-third as abundant 
as limas) bear at Tzununa (1,560 m., or 5,118 ft.) 
when the Guatemala Anuario del Servicio Tecnico 
report (1931, p. 68) gives the upper limit as 910 m. 
(2,986 ft.) and the fact that this aldea is particularly 
noted for its oranges are further indicative of the 
mildness of the Lake climate (map 6). 
Many wild herbs are eaten, particularly chipilin 
(Crotalaria longirostrata), and in Santa Cruz and 
Tzununa, small irrigated Lake shore gardens are 
planted to sweet manioc, sugarcane, tomatoes, and 
onions. Thus, they do not depend so largely upon 
fruit as does San Marcos. They fish with seines (pl. 
27, d), also with baskets and cane funnels, but there 
is little crabbing in this locality, reportedly engaged 
in by only one family, using lines. Hunting of small 
animals, especially armadillos, using dogs, was re- 
ported at Tzununa. Mats and cordage are made at 
Santa Cruz, on a small, almost noncommercial scale. 
As in the case of San Pablo and San Marcos, in- 
habitants of Santa Cruz must buy most of their corn 
outside the municipio (e.g., in Solola, Santiago, and 
Panajachel) ; I have even seen them buying it in San 
Andrés Semetabaj. 
The village of Santa Cruz was said to have for- 
merly occupied a ’’valley ten blocks away” (probably 
the larger alluvial fan just below its present ridge), 
but “was destroyed there by a flood and moved to its 
present site 100 years ago.” (Also from “Mono- 
grafia del Departamento,” September 9, 1926. Copies 
of both the above accounts were lent to me by Don 
Isaias de Leén, of Solola.) If this report is correct, 
the playa settlement must have represented only a 
portion of the village, for the church of the present 
settlement up on the ridge appears to be contempo- 
raneous with the others around the Lake. 
GARDEN VILLAGES 
No such similarity as exists in the three last-men- 
tioned villages is to be found east of the Rio Quixcap, 
(map 20; pls. 45, f; 46, a, b). That is an area of in- 
