10 INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY—PUBLICATION NO. 8 
head + tak house). When a secondary noun stem 
is composed of attributive and noun, loud stress 
falls on the noun penult and medial stress on the 
attributive penult, e. g. Sutunck? (Situ small + 
na? water). 
Certain affixes of nouns, attributives and 
enumeratives are always weakly stressed, causing 
the loud stress to fall as it would in the unaflixed 
word. These are: 
The thematic noun prefixes ma- and way-, e. g., 
ma¢aé? star, way¢a? pebble, masiwa hurricane. 
The possessive prenominal prefixes, e. ¢., ?antdk 
my house, *ikXk? his hand. 
The thematic sufhix -ti, e. 
Sunuhti a supernatural spirit. 
The plural nonthematic suffixes -tam and -yah, 
e. ¢., niwahyah witches, manaktam sons. 
The adverbial enumerative suffix -kay, e. g., 
maktaskay four times. 
Certain noun and enumerative nonthematic 
suffixes have an inherent loud stress. These 
include: 
The locative suffixes -ka?m, -hom, -?ankA?m and 
~?anhém, the locative nominalizing suffix -kom, and 
the enumerative suffixes -ten and -na, e. g., 
kuyhom in the tree, takk?m at the house, monkém 
sleeping place, wastén two, wasna two. 
A few nonthematic verb suffixes have inherent 
weak stress, causing the loud stress to fall as it 
would on the unsuffixed word. These are the in- 
completive suffix -pa, the imperative suffix -a, the 
subjunctive suffix -?in, and the gerundial suffix -i, 
e.g., ?a?é¢pa J dance, nkga go!, yu?min that 7 may 
boil, ?6ei dancing. 
All of the enclitics have an inherent weak stress 
and thus when attached to a word do not cause 
the loud stress of the word to shift. 
All active verb stems (on the final syllable) and 
noun stems (on the penult) have an inherent loud 
stress, so that when through affixation the loud 
stress is shifted away from the stem so that one 
or more syllables intervene, the stem receives a 
medial stress, e. g., nd?yahta‘p they will be burned 
(*no? stem of verb ‘‘burn’”’). Noun compounds of 
inflected verb plus noun (10.23) follow the rules of 
phrase stress (4.29), not word stress. 
g., lupuhti wolf, 
INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL SANDHI 
4.23. Metathesis. When a nasal, y, 1, or r is 
followed by a glottal, the resultant cluster under- 
goes metathesis. 
kd?n igA'mi with his burden (kun with (Sp. “‘con’”] + 
?i- pos. p. pref. + ¢A'mi burden) 
ti?m antdk my house (tum ind. art. + °an- pos. p. 
pref. + tak house) 
°ana?nd?m I waited for him (?an- t. p. pref. + ?an- 
ben. pref. + *?a?m look) 
pu’?yd:pa bg toe (lit. “foot-mother’’) (puy foot + 
?&-pa mother) 
ma°l inwdt you did it badly (mal bad [Sp.] + ?if- t. 
p. pref. + *wat do) 
lima°’ranndika at the edge of the ocean (l4mar ocean 
{Sp.] + ?anndika edge) 
4.24. Consonantic changes. 
nasals n, f, and m become 7. 
Before w, the 
°anwih I untied it (?an- t. p. pref. + *wih untie) 
?inwi'Si your beard (?if- pos. p. pref. + wi-Si beard) 
dan wa? he could no longer (da neg. at. + -m ene. + 
*wa?d> be able) 
4.25. Consonantic syncope. When a syllable 
ending in a voiceless consonant is followed by ? 
the glottal is lost. If the syllable ends in a 
vowel the glottal remains. 
?AG adin I bathed (?aé I + Pain I bathed) 
mié inkit you broke it (mié you + ?inkit you broke it) 
1718 he saw it (7i- t. p. pref. + *?i°8 see) 
4.26. When a word or syllable ending in a 
voiceless stop is followed by a word or syllable 
beginning with ?V, voicing of the stop occurs. 
The glottal drops out (4.25). 
hi?d {t where is it (nu?t where + Pit it is) 
mA?adé:pa mother-in-law (mA?at- in-law + ?d*pa 
mother) sX?abam right now (sk?ap now + -?arn enc.) 
tag ihAp door (tak house + *i- pos. p. pref. + hap 
mouth) 
mogdy corn husk (mok maize + ?ay leaf) 
?antoba?ypa I forcibly take out something (?an- t. p. 
pref. + *té6p take out + -?a?y indir. suf. + -pa ine. 
suf.) 
maAnagd?y conceive a child, possess a child (mdnak 
child + -?a?y verb. suf.) 
4.27. In certain syntactical situations a single 
syllable will span two words. When words begin- 
ning with °V- follow those ending in consonants, 
the glottal either metathesizes, as in the case of 
nasals and y, r, and | (4.23), or disappears (4.25). 
In both cases the final consonant of the first word 
becomes the initial phoneme of a syllable which is 
split between two words. 
kv?.n i.64*.mi with his burden (kun with [Sp. ‘‘eon’’] + 
°i- pos. p. pref. -+ ¢A*.mi burden) 
td?.m an.tak my house (tum indef. art. + ?an- pos. 
p. pref. + tak house) 
°n.6a.cin I bathed (?aé I + %a-i. p. pref. + *¢ifi bathe) 
h6é?.p i.hAp bird’s beak (hon bird + ?i- pos. p. pref. + 
hap mouth) 
