SIERRA POPOLUCA SPEECH——FOSTER AND FOSTER 115} 
6.5. The prefix ?ay- usually is benefactive or 
comitative in meaning, that is, the action of the 
verb with this prefix is performed for, with, or 
because of someone. ‘This significance is most 
apparent when the verb theme with this prefix is 
transitive. In a few cases where the theme is 
intransitive the prefix seems to be simulative in 
meaning (see noun prefix ?an- (10.5)). In other 
cases the meaning is specialized and cannot be 
clearly defined. The vowel of this prefix is the 
same as that of the pronominal prefix which it 
follows. For vowel change and loss of ? see 4.21. 
?ana?nd?mpa I await (someone) (*?a?m look) 
?ininmat you spoke with him (mat bound stem of 
*?anmat speak) 
mind: he fought with you (?a* bound stem of *?an?4- 
fight) 
?anhdypa it thunders (*hay speak) 
?anwéha shout! (*weh weep) 
?ininnik you had it coming to you, it was owed you 
(*nuk arrive) 
?ananwéhpa I weep because of something (**webh weep) 
6.6. The causative prefix ?ak- expresses action 
that is caused by the subject of the verb, that is, 
to have something done or to cause another person 
to do it. As an object must be expressed, the 
transitive pronominal prefixes are used with verbs 
formed in this manner. For vowel change and loss 
of ? see 4.21. 
?anaga?m I showed him (*?a?m look) 
?anakn&k J sent him (*nak go) 
?anakka? J killed him (*ka? die) 
mikkét he made you go down (*ket go down) 
?ikhdk he passed him over (as over an obstacle) (*hak 
go across) 
?inikki?mpa you pull him wp (*ki?m go up) 
6.7. The comitative prefix na- expresses action 
performed with someone or something. Since 
an object must be expressed, the transitive pro- 
nominal prefixes are always used with themes 
with this prefix. For vowel change see 4.21. 
?anandk I carried it (*nak go) 
?ana?itpa I have it (lit. “I am with it’’) (*?it be, live) 
°anamé¢ I searched with him (*me¢ search) 
?iniminpa you are bringing it (*mini come) 
?iniwdtpa you helped him do it (*wat do) 
?inimény he slept with her (him, it) (*mon sleep) 
6.8. The personal comitative prefix waga- ex- 
presses action that is undertaken with another 
person. It is often placed before the comitative 
prefix na- (6.7) to give added emphasis. In 
contrast to themes with the prefix na- the pro- 
749667—48—_3 
nominal prefixes used with waga- themes may be 
intransitive as well as transitive. 
tawagasA?ba we go about together (*sa? go about) 
?anwaganamonpa I am going to sleep with him (her) 
(?an- Ist. per. sub. 3d. per. obj. t. p. pref., *mon 
sleep) 
tawagamdéypa we will sleep together (ta- 1st per. incl. pl. 
i. p. pref.) 
6.9. Order of prefixation. In some cases two 
thematic prefixes may be attached to the same 
verb theme. The prefixes na-, ?ay-, and ?ak- are 
mutually exclusive. Permissible combinations are 
waga- plus na-, and ku- preceded by na- or ?ak-. 
?anakkutAnpa I fell a tree (tan bound stem of *?aktan 
fell) 
?anakkupagd’ypa I cause him to buy everything for 
someone (*pagd?y <*pak get + -?a?y indir. suf.) 
?anakugé'npa I tre it someplace with something else 
(*¢e'n tte) 
THEMATIC SUFFIXES OF THE VERB 
6.10. There are two types of thematic suffixes, 
the verbalizing suffixes which may be attached to 
a substantive theme to convert it into an intransi- 
tive verb theme, and the qualifying suffixes which 
are attached to a verb stem or verb theme to define 
the limits or quality of the action. Certain of the 
latter when used in conjunction with certain of 
the thematic prefixes form a theme whose meaning 
is not readily deducible from the meanings of the 
individual morphemes. Each verb theme has 
an inherent transitivity or intransitivity. Cer- 
tain thematic suffixes impart intransitivity to 
a verb stem which in its absolute state would be 
transitive. A verb theme with the indirective 
suffix, since it must have an object, is always tran- 
sitive. This is also the only thematic suffix which 
may be used in conjunction with other thematic 
suffixes, and always follows them. It may be used 
after any of them, except the verbalizing suffixes, 
including all those in combined affixation. 
6.11. The inchoative verbalizing suffix -?a’ may 
be added to a substantive to form a verb. The 
meaning usually is that of “becoming” although 
in other cases the noun from which the verb is 
derived is the substance of the action. Verb 
themes formed with this suffix usually are in- 
transitive, unless preceded by prefixes which re- 
quire the transitive pronominal prefixes, such as 
na- (6.7) and ?ak- (6.6). 
?aya?s: I am hungry (ya? hunger) 
®akuti?nd:p I am getting lazy (kutin lazy) 
