14 INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY—PUBLICATION NO. 8 
?ata?ba-p I fish (ta?p- comb. form of tA?pa fish) 
¢u’d-p il is becoming night (¢u? night) 
mi?’uki’é you got drunk (?Uki (a) drink< *?uk to 
drink) 
?anakmaba: J grew (lit. ‘was caused to become big’’) 
(mah bzg) 
Pronouns also may be verbalized by means of 
this suffix, but when this is done they cannot be 
given any verbal nonthematic suffix except the in- 
completive agentive suffix -pa?ap (it is probable 
that -wa?ap, completive agentive, may also be 
used, but it has not been noted). 
?i?apd?ap who ts it? (71 who) 
mi?apa’ap who are you? (mié> mi- you) 
6.12. The possessive verbalizing suffix -?a?y is 
freely attached to nouns to indicate possession of 
the noun. Themes formed with this suffix are 
always intransitive. 
?atagh?y I had a house (tak house) 
miée?sX?y you had a bed (¢e?s bed) 
hawa?nk?ypa he has a fever (hawan fever) 
ko-baktaga’y he had a hat (ko‘baktak hat) 
6.13. The qualifying suffixes. There are four 
qualifying suffixes, three of which define the con- 
tinued or repeated quality of the action, one of 
these with reference to the mobility of the actor. 
The repetitive and the durative suffixes may be 
attached to a verb stem in either its simple or 
reduplicated state. The fourth suffix is indirec- 
tive. 
6.14. The repetitive suffix -?0?y when attached 
to primary or secondary verb stems indicates ac- 
tion repeated many times in quick succession or 
(occasionally) sustained action. It is always used 
with the intransitive pronominal prefixes. Often 
it is used with reduplicated verb stems. It differs 
primarily from the durative suffix -ne? (6.15) in 
that it is used especially with verb themes which 
imply sudden or repetitive action, such as hitting, 
grabbing, throwing, brushing, etc., rather than 
with verb themes which convey a smoothly con- 
tinuative meaning such as dancing, sleeping, or 
writing. Sometimes the two concepts overlap, 
e.g., ?ahé’nhe?né?ypa and ?ahé?nhe?nné?ba, both 
of which mean I keep digging (*he?n dig). Ex- 
amples with unreduplicated stems: 
?ama¢é?ypa I hold on (*ma¢ grasp) 
¢ago’ypa he rings (a bell), he wags (his tail) (*¢ak 
make a wagging or swinging motion) 
ha?yé?y he made a speech (*hay speak) 
taks6?y he beat (a drum) (*taks touch) 
cihé?ypa tuh 7t 7s raining (*éih hit, tuh rain) 
Examples with reduplicated stems: 
?ama¢ma¢é6?ypa I take hold of lots of things in succession 
(cf. ?ama¢é?ypa above) (*ma¢ grasp) 
Padihéihé?ypa I keep hitting things (ef. éihé?ypa above) 
(*cih hit) 
?awatwad6é?ypa I do lots of things in succession (*wat 
do) 
?asikSig6?ypa I keep on laughing (*Sik laugh) 
In two cases this suffix has been noted at- 
tached to noun stems: *¢e?mé?y urinate (¢em 
urine), *ti?nd?y defecate (tii feces). 
6.15. The durative suffix -ne? contrasts with 
the suffix -?0?y (6.14) in that the action expressed 
by the verb themes to which it is attached is 
durative rather than repetitive in nature. It is 
almost always used with reduplication of the verb 
stem. Verbs with this suffix always take the 
intransitive pronominal prefixes. 
?anhamné?ba I remember (*?anhdm believe) 
?amumné? J was sick (*mum lie on one’s side) 
mOnmonné”? he kept on sleeping (*mon sleep) 
egedné?ba he keeps on dancing (*?e¢ dance) 
nAknakné? he kept going (*nak go) 
hipshipsné? it kept burning (*hips burn) 
6.16. The mobile-repetitive suffix -?a?y<?y_ ex- 
presses a repeated or continued action performed 
while the actor is in motion. THither transitive 
or intransitive pronominal prefixes are used, 
depending upon the underlying verb. 
?ampeda?yA?ypa J go along sweeping things (*pet 
sweep) 
Pampe?da?yA?ypa I go along laying things together 
(*pe?t lay together) 
?anhga?yA?ypa I go along this way (*nak go) 
6.17. The indirective suffix -?a?y is used when 
an indirect object of the verb is to be expressed. 
The direct object usually expressed with the 
transitive pronominal prefix (7.5) becomes in this 
case the indirect object. Thus, verbs with this 
suffix always take the transitive pronominal pre- 
fixes. When this suffix gives a specialized meaning, 
it sometimes is reduplicated to give again an 
indirective meaning, e. g., ?ikét he inserted it 
(*kot) >°ikoda?®y he copulated >?ikddayaé?y he 
inserted something in it for someone. 
?annegd’y I hid it from him (*nek hide) 
?anwadd?ypa I do it to him (*wat do) 
man¢aga’y I left it for you (*¢ak leave) 
?ipi?nd’?y he gathered it for someone (*pi'n gather) 
1?ugd?y he drank it with him (*?uk drink) 
?ana?ma’y he said it to me (*nam say) 
