SIERRA POPOLUCA SPEECH—FOSTER AND FOSTER 15 
COMBINED THEMATIC AFFIXATION 
6.18. In most cases of simultaneous attachment 
of a prefix and a suffix to a verb stem the meaning 
of the resulting word is logical and foreseeable. 
Sometimes, however, the combination gives rise 
to a totally new meaning. This is the case when 
the prefixes ?ak- (6.6) or ku- (6.4) are affixed 
to the same stem as the suffixes -?a?y/ -?aga?y 
(6.19-20) or -?a?y (6.17). 
6.19. Causative-dispersive affixes of the pattern 
Pak- . 2. . -?a?y/-?agk?y. The subject of a verb 
with these affixes generally causes the object to 
disperse in a direction away from the position of 
the subject. (The form of the suffix varies freely 
between -?a?y and -?ags?y. It can be used only 
in cases of combined affixation as illustrated here, 
and in paragraphs 6.20 and 6.21. The verbalizing 
suffix -?a?y (6.12) is distinct, in that it is never 
attached to verb themes.) 
?anakkébagAt?ypa I drive something away from me 
(*kep drive [as of animals]) 
?anakya?cd?ypa I push something away from me 
(*ya?k push) 
tanaknagX?ypa let’s go in different directions! (*nak go) 
?anakpe?’dA?ypa I lay things out in a row (*pe?t lay 
together) 
?anaga’mA?ypa I watch someone out of sight (*?a?m 
look) 
6.20. Resultative affixes of the pattern ku-.... 
-?a?y/-Pagk?y indicate that the action of the verb 
leads to a definite result. There is probably also a 
certain purposive significance. 
Panku?iSaga?ypa I see where something is (that I 
didn’t know of before, or that wasn’t there before) 
(#?i°5 see) 
?ankupadA?ypa I find something (that wasn’t there 
before, or that I was looking for) (*pat meet, 
encounter) 
?ankusu?nd?ypa I keep something (because I like it) 
(*sun want) 
?ankuna’sX?ypa I pass someone going in the opposite 
direction (*na‘s pass) 
6.21. Resultative affixes of the pattern ?an-.... 
-?a?y are very rare and it has not been possible to 
determine with certainty the precise meaning. 
Apparently, as in the case of 6.20, the action of the 
verb leads to a definite result. 
?anko?mA? ypa he marries (*kom fill) 
?ananme¢A?ypa I go and search for more of something 
(to have enough) (*me¢ look for, search) 
6.22. Benefactive affixes of the pattern ?ak-.... 
-’a?y have the meaning of doing something for 
someone else, using his implements or materials. 
Panakta?ma?ypa ?ittimin J am keeping his money for 
him (*tam keep, ?ittimin his money) 
manakyu?ma?ypa ?impdsun I boil your squash for you 
(*yu'm boil, ?impdsuy, your squash) 
?anakwa?nd?ypa pe?m iviktréla I am going to play 
that person's victrola (*wa'n sing, pe’m dem. pron. 
“that person,” ?iviktréla his victrola) 
6.23. Terminative affixes of the pattern ku- 
. -?a?y express the idea of performing an action 
until it is finished. 
kukeha’?y it appeared (something that had been lost) 
(*keh appear) 
Pakku?iSd?ya find it! (*?i-8 see) 
°ankupe?da?ypa I lay together all the things that I am 
going to lay together (*pe?t lay together) 
THE COMPOUND THEME 
6.24. A compound theme may consist of two 
verb themes in juxtaposition, or one or two sub- 
stantive themes compounded with a verb theme. 
Compound themes may be further developed by 
the use of thematic affixes. When two verb 
themes are compounded neither can actually be 
said to be modifying the other in most cases, for 
the two separate actions expressed are both inte- 
gral parts of the action of the resultant compound 
theme. In a few cases, however, the action ex- 
pressed by the second theme directly follows the 
action expressed by the first. The special com- 
pounding themes modify the theme to which 
they are attached. 
6.25. Compounds of two verb themes. 
?a?na?msét L looked back (lit. “turned around and 
looked’’) (*?a?m look + *se*t turn around) 
°anakmonédkpa I leave him sleeping (?ak- caus. pref.+ 
*mon sleep + *¢ak leave) 
°ampa¢ki?mpa I throw it up in the air (*pa¢ throw + 
*ki?m go up) 
?amodqkukéhpa I wake up at dawn (*mon sleep + 
*kukéh dawn < *keh appear) 
?ingihhdkpa you throw it across (*éih throw + *hak 
cross) 
®anka?tkukéhpa skk I will breakfast on beans (*ku?t 
eat + *kukéh dawn) 
éipdtsedaytdp he was reversed and changed into (some- 
thing) (*éiptit reverse + *se*t change into) 
?anne?mkipspa I taste it (test it by tasting) (*ne?m 
lick + *kips test) 
®anné?mkipsd?ypa I taste it for him (-?a?y indir. suf.) 
?annd?maycdkpa I tell him and leave (*na?ma?y tell 
to someone + *¢ak leave) 
