16 INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY—PUBLICATION NO. 8 
6.26. Special compounding verb themes. There 
are six compounding verb themes which when 
joined to another verb theme form special seman- 
tic categories. These are perhaps derived from 
verb stems which are phonetically identical but 
which, as independent themes, differ in meaning. 
6.27. The temporary compounding theme poy- 
is the only compounding theme which precedes 
the verb theme which is modified (ef. *poy run). 
As a compounding theme it means... . “for a 
little while.” 
poymény he slept for a little while (*mon sleep) 
?apoyhékpa TJ rest for a little while (*hek rest) 
?ampoyku¢ak TI left it here for a little while (ku- purp. 
pref. + *¢ak leave) 
6.28. The origiative compounding theme -na‘s 
to do first (cf. *na‘s pass). 
?anakna's I went first (*nak go) 
miminnd’s you came first (*min come) 
6.29. The instrumentative compounding theme 
-ka? usually indicates that the action expressed in 
the main verb theme is performed through the 
use of some instrument or agent (either implicitly 
understood or expressed), although it may have 
other specialized meanings (cf. *ka? die). 
?anyohoyka?ba I have with which to pay (*yohé’y 
keep paying< *yoh pay) 
?amonkd?ba I sleep covered up (*mon sleep) 
na?kkd? he drank water out of something (*na?k drink 
water) 
yemka? he fanned himself with something (*yem fan) 
Sikkd?ba he laughs at something (*Sik laugh) 
ko nkané? tim serpiénte he has seated himself on a 
serpent (*kovfi sit) 
6.30. The compounding theme -pak is used to 
express stasis after action (cf. *pak wrestle, throw 
over). 
?ammatonpak I listened without entering into the con- 
versation (*matén listen) 
?a?na?mpdk I watched (someone do something) (*?a?m 
look) 
?ima¢padk he held on to it (*ma¢ grasp) 
he?npdkpa he covers something hollow (*he?n dig) 
6.31. The inchoative compounding theme 
-’an¢uktim is made up of the thematic prefix 
°an- (6.5) plus the stem ¢uktim (cf. *¢uktim arise, 
go out). 
po?yan¢uktim he began to run (*poy run) 
?anwehanéukum he began to shout (*?anwéh shout< 
?an sim. pref. + *weh weep) 
kéegan¢guktim it began to fly (*kek fly) 
6.32. The continuative compounding theme 
~Panhik is made up of the thematic prefix ?an- 
(6.5) plus the stem hak (ef. *hak go across.) 
?amd?nanhdik I remained sleeping (*mon sleep) 
kovsté?Nanhdk he continued to kneel (*ko'sté-i kneel) 
wi’eanhdak he continued to eat (*wi?k eat) 
naganhikpa he goes and stays away (*nak go) 
mi?’nanhak he came to stay (*min come) 
6.38. Compounds of noun themes and verb 
themes. 
?ahapké-fipa I stop talking, keep quiet (hap mouth + 
*kon sit down) 
?ana?hé?’npa I swim, paddle (as a boat) (na? water + 
*he?n dig) 
?anaka?’ma¢pa I shake hands with him (ka? hand + 
*ma¢ grasp) 
?anko‘bakpihpa I annoy him (ké-bak head + *pfh 
heat) 
?inA?ka?ndkspa he blesses him (na? water + ka? hand 
+ *naks hit) 
kosstéi he knelt (ko-s- comb. form of ké’so knee + 
*te'n stop) 
6.34. Compounds of an attributive theme and 
a verb theme. 
?antntahaypa I really speak (ninta really + *hay 
speak) 
Panwa’ ¢dik I fixed it (wa’ good + *¢ak leave) 
WA'put he was successful (lit. “came out well’ as in 
some undertaking) (wa’ + *put come out) 
°ansituwdtpa I make it smaller (Situ small + *wat 
make, do) 
Panwa'?anhdm I desire, like (wa’ + *?anhdm believe) 
?angamnarit 1 have a greal deal (¢am much, very + 
*na?it have) 
- NONTHEMATIC PREFIXES OF THE VERB 
~l] 
7.1. There are two sets of nonthematic verb pre- 
fixes, which are mutually exclusive and which are 
used to indicate pronominal reference and resolu- 
tion. Each verb theme, to be conjugated in the 
active voice, must be given the prefixes of one set 
or the other (or such as are phonetically zero) 
except for the main verb in syntactic clause se- 
quences of main verb plus resultative gerundial 
verb (19.8-9) and main verb plus conditioned 
gerundial verb (19.10). Only a few verb themes 
may take either. The first set indicates the in- 
transitivity and the second the transitivity of the 
verb. Thus the first set indicates subject and the 
second both subject and object. Verbs conjugated 
in the passive voice (with the passive nonthematic 
suffix) must use the intransitive set of prefixes, 
although enly verbs which are transitive when in 
