18 INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY 
suffixation of the verb (table 1). Each formally 
complete verb must have a suffix (which may be 
phonetically zero) of orders I, VII, VIII, or IX. 
These suffixes are mutually exclusive, while those 
of the other orders are optional. The order of 
suffixation, as given in table 1, is subject to the 
following limitations: (a) the suffixes of orders II 
and IX, orders IV and VI, and orders VI and LX 
cannot be used simultaneously; (6) the collective 
suffix -num of order III has not been observed with 
PUBLICATION NO. 8 
suffixes of orders IV and VI; (ec) the suffixes of 
orders I and VII have been observed only with 
those of order ILI; (d) the linear-completive suffix 
of order VIII has been observed only with suffixes 
of orders Il and III; (e) the linear-incompletive 
suffix of order IX has been observed only with 
suffixes of order III. 
A formally complete verb most frequently has 
only one nonthematic suffix, and rarely more than 
three. 
TaBLeE 1.—Order of suffization of verbal nonthematic suffixes 
I Il III IV Vv VI VII VIII IX 
Gerundial | Perfective | Number| Aspect Passive | Purposive Modal | Completive aspect.| Incompletive aspect 
-i -ne? -ta?m Desidera- | -ta’ -tap Subjunce- # (zero) -pa, -p 
# (zero) -yah tive tive 
-num Agentive Agentive 
-to? -?in 
-wA’ap -pa’?ap 
TImpera- 
Iterative tive Linear Linear 
-gak -A 
-wAm -pam 
Examples of suffixation order: 
tohayniyahta-wom they (tortillas) had just been made for him (*tohi?y make (tortillas) for someone) 
tanwattamgdkpa we (gen. incl.) are doing it again (*wat do) 
mikd’?ttamtdé-p you are going to be eaten (*ku?t eat) 
inA?mayniwa?ap he is the one who has said it (*na?mad?y say) 
8.2. The gerundial sufixes—order I. The ger- 
undial suffixes are -i and # (zero). Verbs with 
the -i suffix are identical in form to those nouns 
derived from verb themes by the addition of the 
suffix -1 (10.9). They may not, however, be 
given the nonthematic suffixes of nouns, and are 
very different from them in function. Whereas 
the nominalized verbs have the same syntactic 
usage as a standard noun the gerundials are used 
only as subordinate predicators following a main 
predicative verb in gerundial clause constructions. 
The syntactic usage of gerundial verbs is discussed 
in 19.6-11. Verbs with gerundial suffixes also 
may have the plural suflixes -yah and ta?m. 
moh yorsahi he began to work (*yo’S&: work) 
nakpa mi ?iti you are going (there) to live (*?it live) 
wa?ab iki?t he can eat tt (*ku?t eat) 
8.3. The perfective suffix—order II. The per- 
fective suffix -ne? may be translated by either 
“have” or “had.” Since perfective action is 
always completed action, this suffix cannot be 
used with the incompletive suffixes. 
Pa?niSné? IJ have seen it (*?i°8 see) 
nakné?om he had just gone (*nak go, -om ene. “‘just’’) 
nA?maynitawom it has gust been said (*na?ma?y say to 
someone, -wom ene. “‘Just’’) (for -ne? >-ni?, see 4. 17) 
¢e-nniydh they had tied themselves (*¢e'n tie) 
8.4. The number suffixes—order JII. There 
are three number suffixes: -ta?m, used when 
either the subject or object (expressed by the 
nonthematic prefixes) is in the first or second 
person, and pluralizing either the subject or ob- 
ject; -yah, used when either the subject or object 
is in the third person, and pluralizing either the 
subject or object; -num, used as a collective plural 
of the third person subject. -ta?m, in its un- 
stressed form -tam (4.9), is also the pluralizing 
suffix of first and second person pronouns, while 
-yah is the pluralizing suffix of third person pro- 
nouns (9.2). -tam and -yah also are used as 
