20 INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY—PUBLICATION NO. 8 
The desiderative suffix -to? may be translated 
by ‘“‘wish” or “want.” 
?ayo'Sa't6?ba I wish to work (*yo'Sd: work) 
mipAkyaht6?ba they want to marry you (*pak morry) 
tamodytamté?ba we want to sleep, are sleepy (*mon 
sleep) 
8.6. The passive suffix—order V. The suffix 
-ta’ indicates passive voice and is attached only to 
verb themes which in the active voice may take 
the transitive pronominal prefixes. Since in the 
passive voice there is no object, the intransitive 
pronominal prefixes (7.2) are used. 
ku¢attd he was sent (*ku¢dt send) 
?akho-do?na ta: he was informed (*?akhé-do?nd: in- 
form, lit. “cause to know’’) 
Padi?tap I am given (*&i? give) 
nanAknetdé'wom he has just been taken (*nanxk take) 
miku?tt& you were eaten (*ku?t eat) 
8.7. The purposive sufix—order VI. The pur- 
posive suffix -tap is used to express an action that 
was intended or purposed but not carried out. 
?anakka?tp I meant to kill him but didn’t (*?akké? 
kill) 
?amontdp I wanted to sleep but couldn't (*mon sleep) 
mifaktsp you meant to go but didn’t (*nak go) 
nAmayta'tXp it was going to be said but wasn’t 
(*na?ma?y say (to)) 
8.8. The modal suffixes—order VII. The sub- 
junctive mode is expressed by the suflix -?if, which 
is used in phrases of possibility and exhortation. 
It may be preceded by the plural suffixes but has 
not been observed with other nonthematic suffixes. 
. ?iga yu?min that it may boil (Piga conj. “that,” 
*vu'm boil) 
tawi’gi?mam shall we (lim. inel.) eat now? (*wi?k eat, 
-?am enc. ‘‘now’’) 
?adi?i?n anyoSa-hi that I be given work (from a prayer) 
(*Gi? give, ?anyo:S4-hi my work) 
na’ma?ya Pinmaédi?n inkyi say to him that he shall tell 
his name, (na?md?ya say to him, *?anmat tell, 
?inAyi his name) 
The imperative suffix -a is used only in the 
second person. The plural suffix -ta?m (8.4) 
placed before the imperative suflix forms the plural 
imperative. For transitive verbs the third person 
object is implicit unless first person object is to be 
expressed, in which case the verb is preceded by 
?a- 3d. per. sub. Ist. per. obj. t. p. pref. which sub- 
stitutes for the 2d. per. sub. Ist. per. obj. t. p. pref. 
?an- which one might logically expect to find. The 
imperative suffixes have been observed with no 
nonthematic suffixes other than the 2d. per. plural 
suffix -ta’m. The temporal or limiting enclitic -m 
(15.2) is often used after the imperative suffix, in 
some cases frozen by usage. 
naga go! (*nak go) 
naktdé?ma go! (plural) 
pdkam take it (him, her)! (*pak take, -m ene. ‘‘just’’) 
htiyam buy it! (*huy buy, -m ene. ‘‘just’’) 
Gi?a give it to him! (*Gi? give) 
Padi?a give it to me! 
8.9. The completive and incompletive sufixes— 
orders VIIT and TX. Tense is not expressed in 
Popoluca, but every action expressed by a verb 
which does not bave a gerundial, modal, or pur- 
posive suffix must have a completive or incomple- 
tive aspect suffix. The completive, except in 
agentive and linear-punctual clauses, is expressed 
by a suffix which is phonetically zero, and the in- 
completive by 2 morpheme in which the phoneme 
p is initial. Since the completive suffixes designate 
an action which has been completed, they are 
usually to be translated by the English past tense. 
Since the incompletive suffixes designate an action 
which has not been completed, they are usually to 
be translated by the English present or future 
tenses. In anarrative an action may actually have 
been completed, but is not yet completed with 
reference to the other action of the narrative, and 
therefore may be given one of the -p- suffixes. 
The incompletive suffix -pa may be attached to 
all verb themes except those of more than one 
syllable which end in -a‘, those having the non- 
thematic passive suffix -ta*, and those ending in 
the reduced form of the verbal suffixes -?a°y, -?o0?y, 
and -?a?y (4.10), in which cases the form -p is used. 
?andkpa I am govng (*nak go) 
?a?ni-Spa J see it (*?i-S see) 
Pari 
Ap Iam seen 
?ayo'sa'p I work (*yo'Sd&- work) 
tiksob i84? he is (repeatedly) hitting (fullform *taks6?y- 
pa<*taksé?y keep hitting) 
The incompletive agentive suffix -pa?ap indi- 
cates the doer of an action not yet completed. In 
order to take this suffix certain pronouns may be 
transformed into verbs through the same deriva- 
tional process by which a noun is verbalized, 1. e., 
the addition of the thematic suffix -?a: (6.11). 
hé?m inho?pa?ap nds he who burns the earth (he?m 3d. 
per. pers. pron., *no? burn, nas earth) 
tim animat taku?tpdé?ap an animal that eats us (tim 
indef. art., anfmat animal (Sp.) *ku?t eat) 
Pa pdi?ap who is it? (lit. “who is the one who 
[does it]’’) (?i inter. pron. “who” + -?a° verb. 
thematic suf.) 
