SIERRA POPOLUCA SPEECH—FOSTER AND FOSTER 21 
mi?apd?ap who are you? (lit. “you are the one who 
[does it]’”) (mié 2d. per. pers. pron. > mi) 
wa?a'yahpd’ap those who are able (*wa?&: be able) 
The completive agentive suffix -w&?ap indicates 
the doer of a completed action. 
?imA?maynewA? ap he is the one who said it (*na?ma?y 
say [to someone]) 
?ini?it he?m pdk ikka?wA?ap he had the bone which killed 
him (?ini?it he had, he?m def. art., pak bone, *?akka? 
kill) 
na‘snewA?ap that which has passed (*na‘s pass) 
THE LINEAR SUFFIXES 
The linear suffixes -pam (incompletive) and 
-wam (completive) are used only with the linear 
verb form in clause constructions expressing linear- 
punctual contemporaneous action. The syntactic 
usage of verbs with these suffixes is discussed at 
length in 19.4, 
?amonpdm as I sleep . . 
?awi?kniwdm as I have been eating . . 
. (*mory sleep) 
. (*wi?k ea) 
9. PRONOUNS 
§.1. Pronouns are personal, interrogative-rela- 
tive, and demonstrative. All are monosyllabic stem 
morphemes except the negative pronouns formed 
by compounding, the demonstrative tungak (tum 
a + -gak), and the emphatic personal pronouns. 
The personal and the demonstrative pronouns may 
be inflected with the plural suffixes -tam and -yah. 
The others may not be inflected, except the inter- 
rogative-relative pronoun ti which is sometimes 
given the noun indirective suffix -ma, i. ¢., fi 
which, what + -ma > tima with which, with what. 
9.2. The personal pronouns. 
rt TI ?kétam we 
mié you miétam vou (pl.) 
he? he, she, it hé?yah they 
9.3. The emphatic personal proncuns. The 
bound stem -y4?ak, always used with the posses- 
sive pronominal prefixes, forms an emphatic pro- 
noun, often used following and in apposition to the 
personal pronouns. The three emphatic pronouns 
are: 
?anyd?ak myself 
?inyd?ak yourself 
?iyd?ak himself 
9.4. The interrogative-relative pronouns. 
?i who 
hup which 
ti what, which 
749667—48——-4 
9.5. The demonstrative pronouns. 
yA?pyah these ones 
pé’myah those ones 
yap this one 
pe’m that one 
tingak the other one 
9.6 The negative pronouns. 
da?i no one (da neg. at. + ?i who) 
dati nothing (da + ti what) 
10. THE NOUN THEME 
10.1 Anoun theme may be composed of a single, 
unanalyzable, thematic element, or stem, a frozen 
redupheated stem, a stem consisting of two un- 
analyzable elements the first of which is redupli- 
cated, a stem plus a thematic prefix or suffix, 
(rarely both) or a compound of two noun themes 
or an attributive theme and noun themes. Noun 
themes may be formed from verb themes by the 
addition of a thematic suffix. 
Most noun themes ending in a vowel have a 
combining form (4.19) which omits the final vowel 
when suffixed or as the first member of a com- 
pound, e. g.: 
yo"mo yo'm- woman 
méya moy- flower 
ték$i tekS- skiri 
THE NOUN STEM 
10.2. Noun stems are mono- or disyllabic con- 
forming to the patterns CVC, CVCC, CV.CV, 
CVC.CV, CVCC.CV, CV.CVC, and CVC.CVC. 
A few trisyllabie stems have been noted but it 
seems probable that these are cither borrowed 
forms or capable of further analysis. 
hon bird 
du? night 
hu?n owl 
?4.Gi uncle 
k4.ma milpa 
é4h.ka deaf mute 
kd?n.ki squirrel 
hd.wan fever 
pis.tak flea 
Pa tébet town 
trinl6?ka¢ (a one-legged witch) 
Reduplicated noun stems are of the pattern 
CV(CV) or CVC(CVC) or a reduplication of the 
first syllable (CV) of a two-syllable stem. 
¢A¢a aunt, older sister 
néno mushroom 
nunu breast, nipple 
tutu penis 
héhe mosquito 
