SIERRA POPOLUCA SPEECH—FOSTER AND FOSTER 23 
10.16. The qualifying suffix -tuku is attached 
freely to noun themes usually to convey the idea 
of old, unserviceable, or unwanted. 
taktuku old, unserviceable house (tak house) 
¢e?stuku old, unserviceable bed (¢e?s bed) 
ko‘baktaktuiku old, unserviceable hat (ko*baktak hat) 
pu'kttiku clothing (pu’k- comb. form of pu‘ki colton) 
10.17. The suffix -ti has been observed attached 
to Spanish loan words and other unanalyzable 
bound stems. All of these words are of three 
syllables, atypical in that the accent falls on the 
first syllable. The suffix -ti is itself atypical in 
that the t does not palatalize, following the usual 
pattern. 
kukuhti coconut palm (Sp. ‘‘eoco’’) 
lupuhti wolf (Sp. ‘‘lobo’’) 
Sdnuhti supernatural being in cat form 
Sikuhti a type of bee 
kakaS&Sti cage 
10.18. Miscellaneous suffixes. There are a num- 
ber of miscellaneous suffixes of which one or more 
examples have been noted but the significance of 
which is not clear. 
suf. -Gi tXk¢i cockroach (tak house) 
kinéi (a) cold (kifi- comb. form of ki‘hi nose) 
suf. -fi sXnni daytime (san sky) 
suf. -ka kutuhka rainy season, rainstorm (tuh rain) 
kA-nka throat (*ka‘n laste) 
po?ka pus (*po? split, break) 
COMPOUNDING 
10.19. The most productive type of compound- 
ing is that of a noun theme and an attributive 
locator. Other types are those of noun theme 
plus noun theme, or attributive theme plus noun 
theme. 
10.20. Compounds of noun theme plus locator. 
Most locative concepts indicating position in rela- 
tion to nouns, that may not be expressed by the 
use of nonthematic locative suffixes, are expressed 
by the compounding of a noun with a locator. 
takké-bakytikma on the house-top (takké"bak house-top 
+ yukma above) 
ko‘pkikma in the center of the plain (ko"p- comb. 
form of ko‘pa plain + kukma in the center) 
takndéSwif under the house (tak house + nd&Swif under) 
10.21. Compounds of noun theme plus noun 
theme. The second theme is the head of the com- 
pound. 
¢ayéi¢a hammock bridge (¢ay vine + éiéa woven net 
cradle) 
kuyk6-bak tree trunk (kuy tree + k6-bak head) 
ko‘sokA?ak knee boots (ké:so knee + kA?ak shoe) 
Apiécihi porcupine (?Apié thorn + cihi fox) 
kA?ankf ni finger tip (ka? hand + ?ankini tip or 
point < ?an- sim. pref. + kini nose) 
nA?anndka edge of the water (nA? water + ?anndka edge) 
yomt‘wa sister (yo‘m- comb. form of yé"mo woman 
+ t&-wa sibling) 
10.22. Compounds of attributive theme plus 
noun theme. The attributive is always placed 
in the initial position. 
Sdtund? small stream (Situ small + na? water) 
pa?’ma-ni thick tortilla (Sp. ‘‘gordita”) (pam thick + 
Ani tortilla) 
pophikta? a white candle (pop- comb. form of pépo 
white + hikta? fire) 
tomtd'wa neighbor (tom- comb. form of té6mi near + 
tA'wa sibling) 
10.23. Noun compounds of inflected verb plus 
noun. Phrases of an inflected verb (which may 
have an enclitic -m) and a subject noun involving 
the movements or position of the sun or moon 
are treated both formally and syntactically as a 
noun unit. 
ki?mpamhdma east (ki?mpam it rises + hdma sun) 
taghypamhdéma west (tagAypam zt just enters) 
kukehhdma sunrise (kukéh zt appeared) 
kiga‘pdima noon (kugd’p it is in the center) 
kigap¢u? midnight (kugd-p + ¢u? night) 
11. NONTHEMATIC PREFIXES OF THE NOUN 
11.1. There is one paradigmatic set of nonthe- 
matic prefixes of the noun. These prefixes corre- 
spond to the third person object, transitive, non- 
thematic prefixes of the verb, and are attached to 
noun themes to indicate pronominal possession of 
that noun. 
?an- Ist. per. sing. or pl. 
tan- Ist. per. incl. pl. 
man- Ist. per. possessor 2d. per. possessed in direct 
discourse 
?in- 2d. per. sing. or pl. 
?i- 3d. per. sing. or pl. 
Examples: 
?antXk my (our) house 
tantAk our house 
?intAk your (sing. or pl.) house 
?itkk his (their) house 
man¢a‘Si you my child! (¢X-8i child) 
12. NONTHEMATIC SUFFIXES OF THE NOUN 
12.1. There are two plural suffixes of the noun, 
which correspond to the plural suffixes of verbs 
and pronouns, but without a corresponding pro- 
