24 INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY—PUBLICATION NO. 8 
nominal reference, and five case suffixes oflocative, 
indirective, and durative reference. No noun has 
been observed with more than one nonthematic 
suffix. 
THE PLURAL SUFFIXES 
12.2. The two pluralizing suffixes attached to 
noun themes are -tam and -yah (cf. verb and pro- 
noun pl. suffixes 8.4, 9.2). Often neither is used, 
since pluralizing of nouns usually is implicit or 
accomplished by use of verb pluralization. -tam 
is used to pluralize nouns signifying human beings, 
and -yah to pluralize those signifying animals and 
objects. -tam, when used with the first person 
possessive pronominal prefix ?an-, may pluralize 
the possessor rather than the noun possessed. In- 
sufficient data were obtained on the use of plural 
suffixes with other possessive pronominal prefixes. 
¢X‘Stam children (¢a*S- comb. form of ¢A:Si child) 
yomtam women (yo'm- comb. form of yé‘mo woman) 
mdnaktam sons (ménak son) 
kuiyyah trees (kuy tree) 
¢impayah dogs (¢itmpa dog) 
tkkyah houses (tak house) 
?antdktam our house (?an- Ist. per. pos. p. pref.) 
THE CASE SUFFIXES 
12.3. The five case suffixes are used to indicate 
location, duration, and indirection. Three of 
these suffixes are composed of unanalyzable mor- 
phemes, but the other two are composed of a 
simulative element like that of the thematic noun 
prefix -?ay (10.5), plus one of the suffixes of the 
first group. Directional concepts such as motion 
to or from an object can be expressed only by the 
use of such verbs as those meaning “go in” or 
‘co out,” while the noun keeps the same locative 
suffix indicating static position. 
12.4. The locative-durative suffix -ka?m means 
“at” or “during.’”’ Used with verbs of motion it 
may be translated as “to” or “from.” 
¢u?kA?m during the night (¢u? night) 
noko ?ft fim tk antakkA?m a house is near my house 
(néko near, ?it thm tdk there is a house, ?antXkk 
my house) 
tandkpa na?kA?m we go lo the river (tanXkpa we [inel.] 
go, nA? water, river) 
?amfipa ?intakkA?in I come from your house (?amfnipa 
I come, ?intkk your house) 
kukéhakA?m in the morning (kukéha morning) 
12.5. The locative suffix -hom indicates position 
within or among. 
tagd?ypa ?itakhém he enters (into) his house (tagd?ypa 
he enters, ?itkk his house) 
?a¢gdypa yA?p takhém I am going to stay in this house 
(?a¢gxypa I am going to stay, ya?p this, tak house) 
wa'npa ?ilibrohém he reads his book (wd'npa he reads, 
?ilfbro his book [Sp. “‘libro’’}) 
?ayo'Sa‘b ankarmhém I will work in my milpa (ayo'’4"p 
IT will work, ?ankd-ma my milpa [ecomb. form ka‘m-]) 
?iSunpa tum ko‘baktakhém he takes it out in a hat 
(?iSanpa he takes zt out, tum indef. art., ko‘baéktak 
hat) 
12.6. The indirective suffix -ma may be trans- 
lated as “with,” ‘at,’ or “to.” It may not be 
attached to nouns designating human beings. 
ndksta’ ¢4yma he was hit with a vine (nakstdé he was 
hit, gay vine) 
miminpa ’antkkma you come to my house (miminpa 
you come, ?antdk my house) 
?arid antskma I was at my house (?a?it I was) 
manha?’mki?mpa tXpSma I will raise you with (the) 
rope (manha?inki?mpa J will raise you, taps- [comb. 
form of tAp&i rope]) 
?ind?ba 7iti¢ma he burns it with his tail (?iné6?ba he 
burns it, ?itti¢ his tail) 
A variant -m has been observed only with the 
noun na? “water”: 
ndkpa nd?m he gas to the water (nXkkpa he goes) 
12.7. The suffix -?anhém (cf. sim. noun pref. 
’an- and loc. suf. -hom) expresses position 
“among.” 
nAkpa tAganhém he goes into town (lit. “among the 
houses’) (ndkpa he goes, tak house sing. or pl.) 
?ikétpa ipukthgayhém she thrusts it among her clothing 
(?ikétpa she thrusts it, ?ipuktik- [8d per. pos. p. 
pref. + comb. form of pukttiku] her clothing) 
12.8. The suffix -?aykX?m (ef. sim. noun pref. 
?an- + loc. suffix -ka?m) expresses position ‘‘at.”’ 
ndkpa itt?haykX<?m he goes behind him (lit. “at his 
back”) (ndkpa he goes, ?iti?i- 3d. per. pos. p. 
pref. + comb. form of ?itt?Ai his back) 
13. ATTRIBUTIVES 
13.1. Attributives are noun, verb, or phrase 
modifiers, and include descriptives, locators, 
tensors, intensifiers, demonstratives, participial 
adverbs, interrogatives, quantitatives, negatives, 
conjunctions, and interjections. Although some- 
times found with nonthematic affixation of nouns, 
often in stereotyped form, they are largely 
uninflected. This classification of attributives 
is a loose one, since many attributives can be 
used in various ways syntactically, and there 
is much overlapping of categories. 
13.2. Descriptive stems may be monosyllabic, 
disyllabic, and reduplicated of the same patterns 
