26 INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY—PUBLICATION NO. 8 
can only be said that some nouns always are 
modified by numerals with one suffix and other 
nouns by numerals with the other suflix. Pro- 
nominal enumeration such as “both of us’ or 
“all three of them” is done by means of both pre- 
fixation and suffixation, while adverbial enumera- 
tion is accomplished by means of suffixation alone. 
14.2. The enumerative suffix -ten is attached 
to all numeral stems except tum one for counting 
when no noun is modified, and for enumerating 
objects, usually nontemporal. 
1 tum 4. maktastén 
2. wastén 
3. tukutén 
5. mostén 
6. tuhtutén 
Examples of use: 
wastén ¢{fmpa two dogs 
hé?m tukutén the three 
maktastén pA-‘sin four men 
mosté?n dmtu five years (?4mtu year) 
wastén hima two suns (ef. 14.3) 
14.3. The suffix -na is used in enumeration of 
nouns, usually but not always periods of time. 
wasna hima two days 
maktasna Semdna four weeks (Sp. “semana’’) 
tukunad timin three coins 
mosna ?anndka five sides 
wahna hdyi many words (wah- < wat- [f > h 4.8] 
comb. stem. of witi many) 
wasna kukéha two (0’clock in the) morning 
14.4. Pronominal enumeration is accomplished 
by means of both prefixation and suffixation, and 
may be translated ‘“‘all (number) of us, you, them.” 
All pronominal numerals are given one of the pos- 
sessive pronominal prefixes followed by the pre- 
fix ku- (k- or kuk- before the stem ‘“‘two’’). Only 
the number ‘‘two” is given a special suffix, -tak. 
(The suffix -tak also is given to the stem was- in 
its use as a tensor followed by the noun ind. suf. 
-ma < wastXkkma day after tomorrow, ef. mat&kk 
tomorrow.) The other numeral stems are unsuf- 
fixed (save for the plural suffix) except “five” 
which retains the enumerative suffix -ten.’ First 
person pronominal numerals, like verbs, may be 
either inclusive or exclusive. The inclusive nu- 
merals (including the person or persons addressed) 
are given the plural possessive pronominal prefix 
tan-, while the exclusive numerals (excluding 
the person or persons addressed) are given the 
7 The extreme irregularity of this inflectional system in contrast with the 
great regularity which characterizes the rest of Popoluca morphology would 
lead one to believe that it has broken down through the inflltration of Spanish 
numerals. 
possessive pronominal prefix ?an- and the plural 
suffix -tam. The second person numerals are given 
the possessive pronominal prefix ?if-, and may or 
may not be given the plural suffix -tam. The 
third person numerals are given the possessive 
pronominal prefix ?i-, and may or may not be 
given the plural suffix -yah. The enumerative 
tumpay “all” lacks the prefix ku-. 
tankwastak both of us (inel.) (was- stem of ‘two’? + 
-tak) 
?ankumadktastam all four of us (exel.) (mdktas- stem 
of ‘‘four’’) 
tankumostén all five of us (inel.) (mos- stem of ‘‘five’’) 
?inkwaAstak both of you 
?intimpaytam all of you 
?ikumadktasyah all four of them 
°aktAnpa ?ikukwAstak he?m pA‘Sin both of the men fall 
(?aktXnpa he (they) fall(s), hé?m pA-Sin the man 
(men) ) 
14.5. Adverbial enumeratives are given the 
suffix -kay. 
wAskay twice 
maktaskay four times 
witkay many limes (wati many) 
15. ENCLITICS 
15.1. There are a few one-syllable enclitics 
which may be attached to a formally complete 
word of any class to qualify or intensify the sig- 
nificance of the word or phrase. In the case of a 
few attributives the stem is never used without 
the enclitic. Substantives with a combining form 
use the combining form when an enclitic is at- 
tached. 
15.2. The temporal or limiting enclitics. The 
morphemes -?am, -m, -um, -om, -wum, and -wom 
are most conveniently described as variants of 
the same enclitic, temporal when attached to 
verbs or verbalized nouns, and temporal or limit- 
ing when attached to nouns, pronouns, and attrib- 
utives (no form has been noted attached to enu- 
meratives). Although the only constant feature 
of this enclitic is the final -m, the meaning, though 
somewhat variable in English translation, is con- 
stant, and may usually be translated by the Span- 
ish “‘ya,’”? which in English must be interpreted 
variously according to the context as ‘just,’ 
“already,” “truly,” “only,” or ‘‘now.” 
The variant -?am is used after nouns, pronouns, 
stative verbs, verbs with the nonthematic in- 
completive suffix -p, verbs with the nonthematic 
