SIERRA POPOLUCA SPEECH—-FOSTER AND FOSTER 27 
subjunctive suffix -?in, verbs with the agentive 
suffix -wA?ap, and most attributives. 
?<éam just I (or, ‘‘T am the one who’’) (?aé J) 
sA?ap nima wa-?am now certainly it is truly good (wa* 
good st. verb) 
sX?abam right now (sk?ap now) 
hésagam just then (hésak then) 
?iga ?idi?iam that he should then be there (?iga that + 
*?it be [there] + -?if subj. suf. + -?am) 
he? inhdm ?iga kd?n ihd?yagam ?ikyu?min he believed 
that just with his little brother-in-law he should boil it 
(*ihé?yak his little brother-in-law) 
?awa?d-bam I am already able (wa?d:p I am able) 
ku’tdé-bam 7t is just eaten (ku? tap it is eaten) 
The variant -m is used after verbs with the 
imperative suffix -a and words ending in a, of 
which those ending in the incompletive verbal 
suffix -pa are the most frequent. It is also used 
after the negative ?6doy which loses the final y, 
°ddom not anymore, and sometimes after the 
definite article he?. 
?ukam just drink! (?ika drink!) 
ndkpam na?m he is just going to the water (n&kpa he is 
going) 
°aménpam I will just sleep (?aménpa I sleep, I will 
sleep) 
dam already not (da not) 
hé?m piyu just the chicken (he? def. art.) 
The variant -um is used after a few attributives. 
hémum just there (hem there) 
yA?mum just here (ya?m here) 
The variant -om is used after the linear nonthe- 
matic verbal suffixes -wam and -pam (8.9) and 
the perfective suffix -ne? (8.3). 
?inakwkmom just as he was going (*nak go) 
?inakpdimom just as he is going 
?anakné?om J had just gone 
mimonné?om you had just slept (*mon sleep) 
The variants -wom and -wum vary freely 
after a* (as the passive suffix -ta: and the verbal- 
izing suffix -?a°). 
nanaktdé‘wom he was just taken (*nandk take) 
°adi?ta-wum J was just given (*ci? give) 
wa?4'wum or wA?4-wom he was then able (*wa?d° be 
able) 
After any verbal form other than those stated 
above, -um, -om, -wum, or -wom may be used 
interchangeably, although -wum and -wom are 
most frequently found following nasals, and -um 
is perhaps the form most frequently used. 
?anX<kum I just went 
mé7nom he just slept 
tapasta?n7wom we (gen. incl.) just arrived (-ta?m pl. 
suf.) 
?anakka?tApum I just meant to kill him (-tap purp. suf.) 
15.3. The temporal enclitic -nam may be trans- 
lated as ‘‘yet”’ or ‘still’ (Sp. “ todavia’’). 
dénam not yet (da not) 
?inam who still (?i who) 
?iganam while (?iga that) 
?ananhamné?nam J had still believed it (?ananhamné? 
I had believed it) 
ga?yné?na’m anko‘bdiktak my hat had still remained 
(¢a?yné? zt had remained) 
hé?na?’m ammd?yvpa slill it I will sell (hé? zt) (more 
freely, this yet remains for me to sell) 
15.4. The limiting enclitic -tim usually may be 
translated by ‘‘only,’’ “then,” or “just.” 
?<étim only I (?aé 1) 
hé?tim hama just this day (he? the, hima sun) 
?ipdktim ¢A?y only his bones remained (?ipdk his bones) 
?dytim then he went (*?oy defective verb “go’’ used 
only in compl. asp.) 
15.5. The particularizing enclitic -pak most 
commonly is attached to attributive forms, and 
less frequently to nominal, pronominal, or verbal 
forms. <A special usage is that of the formation 
of a temporalized noun by the suffixation of the 
enclitic -pak to a nominalized verb (with the 
suffix -1, see 10.9). -pak may be translated as 
“that which (is),’’? “he who (is),” or ‘having the 
quality of.” 
wa‘bak pd-Sin a@ good man (wa’* good) 
mAhpak éi-mpa a large dog (mah large) 
minatitlanpak one from Minatitlan 
hé?m dapak in¢6"n he who didn’t answer (he?m he + da 
neg. + pak + ?in¢é 7 he answered) 
?impdtne? wx-bak you have found that which is good 
(?impatné? you have found) 
?imatonpakpak he who listened (?imatonpak he listened) 
?ammonipak héSpam hé?m ¢u?ya: after J went to sleep 
thus it became night (?an- Ist. per. pos. p. pref. + 
*mon sleep + -i nom. suf. + -pak, modif. héSpam 
it is thus) 
?i§é-Tipaga?m ipdtpa hé?m p‘sin just after his return he 
met the man (?i- 3d. per. pos. p. pref. + *se’t return 
+ -i + -pak + -?am ene. “just,” modif. ?ipdtpa he 
met him) 
15.6. There are two quotative enclitics which 
may be attached after any word in a quoted phrase. 
The first person quotative is -wey I said, I say, 
and the third person quotative is -?un he said, he 
says, it was said, it is said. 
dé?un he says “no” (da neg. at.) 
minckkpa?un he says “are you going?” (mindxkpa you 
are going) 
