28 INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY—PUBLICATION NO. 8 
dawey I said “no” 
°f?u?n infidyi he says ‘“whatis your name?” (lit., “who,” 
he says, “is your name’’) (?i who 4+- -?un + ?ifmAyi 
your name [is]) 
?i?Gkpa?un nX? il zs said that he drinks walter (?i?ikpa 
he drinks, na? water) 
15.7. The enclitic -?am often is attached after 
the enclitic -pak, e. ¢., mxkhpagam he is already big. 
The enclitic -tim occasionally follows -pak, e. ¢., 
*éybaktim just again. These are the only con- 
structions in which two enclitics have been ob- 
served together. 
SYNTAX 
16. GENERAL REMARKS 
16.1. Popoluca word classes, which have been 
discussed from the standpoint of the morphological 
processes used in their formation, serve syntac- 
tically according to their various functions. 
Verbal forms function as predicative words in 
simple sentences, or in main modifying or sub- 
ordinate clauses. Independent pronouns and 
nouns serve as independent subjects and objects. 
Certain nouns also may serve as verb modifiers. 
Attributives serve as noun or verb modifiers or 
phrase or word connectives. Enumceratives serve 
as noun or verb modifiers or as independent sub- 
jects or objects. 
These syntactic elements are combined into 
clauses of various types. Main clauses are formed 
as simple sentences except in constructions with 
contemporaneous and gerundial clauses where the 
structure of the main clause verb undergoes certain 
changes. Modifying clauses are juxtaposed or 
connected with a main clause by a conjunction or 
a relative attributive. Subordinate clauses may be 
agentive, contemporaneous, or gerundial. Word 
order is not rigid, but certain rules may be laid 
down within the bounds of which syntactic ele- 
ments may be combined into phrases. 
17. THE SIMPLE SENTENCE 
17.1. The simple sentence must contain one, 
and not more than one, predicative verbal form, 
which may be either a verb theme with non- 
thematic affixes, or a stative verb. Other words 
may be incorporated into the simple sentence in 
their functions as subjects, objects, or modifiers of 
the verb, subject, or object. 
?apa‘sin J ama man (the noun pa‘sin verbalized) 
minakné?om you have just gone (*nak go) 
na?mayta'p it is said (*na?ma?y say to) 
ka?neydhum they have just died (*ka? die) 
winak hé?m kécya ?iki?tpa S4nta a long time ago the 
rabbit was eating watermelons (winak a long time ago 
+ he?m the + kétya rabbit + °iki?tpa he eats 
+ Sdnta watermelon [Sp. ‘“sandia”’]) 
hémum ptitpa waste?’n inéimpa right there your two 
dogs will come out (hémum right there + °ipitpa he 
[they] will come out + wastén two + ?inéimpa 
your dog|s}) 
s?ap impxkpa yA?p px‘Sih now you will marry 
this man (sX?ap now + ?impdkpa you will marry 
him + ya?p this + pA‘Sifi man) 
?Ac yA?m amdénpa I am sleeping here (?aé I + ya?m 
here + ?aménpa I sleep) 
hésak ndkum iha‘tuykA?m then he just went to his 
father (hésak then + n&kum he just went + 
?iha'tunkA?m to his father) 
winak he?am ¢A-Stam ininkk i¢tifihd-tun a long time 
ago only the children went with their stepfather 
(winak a long time ago + hé?am only the + ¢X‘Stam 
children + ?inindk he [they] went with + ?iédnh4é-tuy 
his [their] slepfather) 
°okma nakydhpa hémak hohma himiai then they go 
there deep in the forest (?6kma then + nakydhpa 
they go + hémak there + héhma deep + himni 
forest) 
me?¢ti-wom tim yoéya 7i tim SiS i tim ¢éé-mo a pig 
and a bull and an old woman were then searched for 
(me?¢td-wom were then searched for + tum a + 
yo-ya pig + ?i and + ttm &SfS a bull + ?i and 
+ ttm ¢6-mo an old woman) 
17.2. Interrogative sentences generally are not 
distinguished syntactically from other simple 
sentences. <A slightly rising intonation on the 
final word may be the only indicator of a question. 
Some questions are, however, preceded by an 
attributive, ke, which probably is derived from 
the Spanish ‘‘qué.”’ 
ké péypa sdwa is zt windy? (lit. ‘does the wind run?”’) 
ké médypa ts he asleep? 
18. MODIFYING CLAUSES 
18.1. Clauses modifying verbs are of three types: 
those which are juxtaposed preceding or following 
a main clause; those which precede or follow a 
main clause and are introduced by a conjunction; 
and those which precede or follow a main clause 
and are introduced by a relative pronoun or 
attributive. A relative clause may modify a 
