SIERRA POPOLUCA SPEECH—-FOSTER AND FOSTER 29 
noun which it follows. In all types of modifying 
clause construction the main clause is formed like 
a simple sentence. 
JUXTAPOSED CLAUSES 
18.2. The perceptive clause. In this type of 
construction the action of the subordinate verb 
takes place simultaneously with and is seen or 
heard by the subject of the main verb. The 
subordinate verb is best translated by the Englisi 
present participle. The two clauses may be 
merely juxtaposed rather than connected by an 
attributive, and both are formed like simple 
sentences. 
?i?fSpa minum ¢iba¢ kay he sees a red tiger coming 
(7i?fSpa he sees + minum it just comes + ¢dba¢ 
red + kan tiger) 
?i?f-Spa sA?ap iké?t sdimni he now sees bananas frying 
(7i?fSpa + sk?ap now + ?i8é6?t wt fries + sdmni 
banana) 
?imaténpa tinpa he hears it making a noise (Pimaténpa 
he hears + tinpa it makes a noise) 
?imaténpa ?a?nd?ypa tk he hears a house (door) open 
(?imaténpa + ?a?ydi?ypa it opens + tak house) 
18.3. The juxtaposed discourse clause. Clauses 
of direct discourse, and occasionally of indirect 
discourse, are preceeded in the main clause by some 
form of the verbs *nam say or *na?mé?y say to, 
and may be juxtaposed following the main clause. 
Both clauses are formed like simple sentences. 
nimpa hé?m pA‘sin pods ini?it tm ¢uktin the man says, 
“well, she has a birthmark” (nXmpa he says + hé?m 
px‘Sin the man + pos well [Sp. “pues’”] + ?ini?it 
she has + ttm éaktin @ birthmark) 
ndmpa hi?d akntikneta> hikta he says, ‘where has 
fire been gathered?” (nXmpa he says + hu?t where + 
?akntkneta: zt has been gathered + hukta fire) 
18.4. The juxtaposed stative verb clause.  Sta- 
tive verb clauses may be juxtaposed preceding or 
following a main clause. 
dna ves mimahté?mam yo?maytdé wom once you are 
big you will then be married (mimaAhté?mam you are 
big st. verb, yO?mayté'wom you will then be married 
[lit. “you were then wived’’]) 
da wa: ?an¢Xk it is not good to take it (lit. “it is not 
good I took it’’) (wa’ st. verb 7t is good, ?an¢gak I 
took it) 
mié ifam mip<kpa ¢im mikutin you, who still will 
marry you, you (who) are so lazy? (mipdkpa he will 
marry you, mikutini you are lazy st. verb) 
18.5. The juxtaposed temporal clause. A 
clause giving a time reference to a main clause 
may be juxtaposed preceding it. 
nikpa kigapdma wi?kpa at noon they will eat (lit. 
“noon arrives, they eat’’) (nikpa zt crrives verb of 
subordinate clause modif. wi?kpa they will eat) 
CLAUSES INTRODUCED BY A CONJUNCTION 
18.6. Clauses introduced by a conjunction may 
either precede or follow a main clause. Both 
clauses are formed like simple sentences. The 
conjunction 7iga that, as, is often used to introduce 
indirect discourse clauses (occasionally direct dis- 
course) as well as subjunctive and other clauses, 
?Aé aritu?m iga ?aku?tta-p I am just here that I be eaten 
(9aé I + Pa?itum I am just here + ?iga that + 
?aku?tta:p I am eaten) 
si?iga mi¢am inikkd? minko?mA?ypa if you (are the 
one who) killed him, she will marry you (si?iga uf 
(Sp. si”) + mféam you (are the one who) + ?inikkA? 
you killed him + minko?mA?ypa she will marry you) 
°akna'sta* ?a cabdyo porkefi?iga magé?y he was passed 
on a horse (fig. ‘‘torn apart by horses’’) because he 
deceived (?akna‘sta* he was passed + ?a cabdyo on a 
horse (Sp.] + porketf?iga because (Sp. “porque”’) 
+ magé?y he deceived) 
simada ?anéi‘mpa da ?apA‘spa if (it were) not for my 
dogs I would not revive (myself) (simada if not for 
(Sp. “‘si”) + ?anéiimpa my dog(s) + da neg. + 
®apd'spa I revive [myself]) 
kun hé?a?m ihtiypa para?iga ?iki?tpa with it he buys 
something so that he eats it (kun with (Sp. “‘con’”’) 
+ hé?am it + ?ihiypa he buys it + pdra?iga so that 
(Sp. “para’”’) + ?ikG?tpa he eats zt) 
me?iga ?inwA?anqhim ?Aéam mamp<kpa if you like I 
will marry you (mé?iga if + ?inwa?anhdm you like 
-- ?Xéam I [am the one who] + mampdkpa I will 
marry you) 
nkmpa Yanhagé?yi ?iga tammd¢pa pe?m pA‘sin the 
authority says that “we will seize that man” (nkmpa 
he says + ?anhagé?yi the authority [public official’’] 
+ ?iga that + tamméad¢pa we flim. incl.] will seize 
+ pe?m that + p-‘Sifi man) 
°andmpa ?iga ?andk I said that I went (?ankmpa I said 
+ ?iga + ?andkk I went) 
nxmpa ?iga da nakné? he says that he has not gone 
(ndmpa he says + ?iga + da neg. + nakné? he has 
gone) 
°akpuitpa ?iga nXgin she made him leave that he might 
go (?akptitpa she made him leave + ?iga that + nAgin 
he might go) 
wi?kté?mum ménak mipa‘té?min eat, children, that 
you may get fat! (wi?kt’?mum eat! [pl. imp.] + 
manak child + mipa‘té?min that you [pl.] may get 
fat) 
he? inhd?m iga ?ikya?mii he believed that he should 
boil it (he? he + ?inhdm he believed + *iga + 
?ikyu?min he should boil it) 
RELATIVE CLAUSES 
18.7. Relative attributives and pronouns may 
introduce modifying clauses which are otherwise 
