30 INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY—PUBLICATION NO. 8 
formed like simple sentences. The relative clause 
generally but not always follows the main clause. 
A relative clause modifying a noun directly follows 
the noun. 
91 dun hu?t kX-npa s4mii who knows where it smells of 
bananas (?i din who knows + hu?t where + kX-npa 
it smells + sAmni banana) 
da ?a?nisSp<kpa hv?¢ hesak yi'mpa J don’t know how 
(it is) when it boils (da ?a?niSpkkpa I don’t know 
+ hu?¢ how + hésak when -+ yti'mpa 7t boils) 
?a?nd-pa da ?iw\?anhd?m 1 ?amAgoyd?ypa my mother 
doesn’t like who (ever) deceives me (?a?nivpa my 
mother + da ?iw\?anhdm she doesn’t like him + ?i 
who + ?amagoyd?ypa he deceives me) 
?ankupdk hibam mié anna?ma?y J believed thal which 
you said to me (?ankupsk I believed + hibam [ hup 
< which + -?am enc. “just’’] + mié anna?md?y 
you said to me) 
°arnispxkpa fi ?ini?it I know what you have 
(Pa?nispxkpa I know + ti what + ?ini?it you have) 
mié mindkpa ka‘pom tima tanakktypa ?4ni you will 
go to (get) firewood with which we will cook tortillas 
(tima with which intro. clause modif. k-pi firewood 
[ka*pé6m into the firewood < ka‘p- comb. form of 
kA’pi + -hom loc. suf.]) 
hé?am iwa-¢agd?ypa ?iéé6?s hu?t mdnpa she fixes his bed 
where he will sleep (hu?t where intro. clause modif. 
?16?s his bed) 
19. SUBORDINATE CLAUSES 
19.1. There are three principal types of sub- 
ordinate clauses: agentive, contemporaneous, and 
gerundial. The main clause in an agentive clause 
construction is formed like a simple sentence, but 
the verb of the main clause in certain contempo- 
raneous and gerundial constructions must undergo 
morphological modifications in structure. 
AGENTIVE CLAUSES 
19.2. The verb of the agentive clauses is formed 
with the agentive suffixes -pA?ap (incompletive) 
and -wi?ap (completive), and the transitive or 
intransitive pronominal prefixes in accordance with 
the inherent transitivity or intransitivity of the 
verb theme. Both main and agentive clauses are 
formed like simple sentences and either may pre- 
cede the other. An agentive clause subordinate 
to a noun must follow the noun. 
nd‘spa ?ima?ypéi?ap paléna one who sells brown sugar 
passes (by) (nd‘spa he passes + ?ima?ypd?ap one 
who sells + paléna brown sugar [Sp. ‘‘panela’’]) 
da ?i?iSpXk si he?am pa‘Si?i iMA?mayhewA?ap she 
doesn’t know if it is the man who has spoken to her 
(da ?i?iSpAk she doesn’t know + si if [Sp. ‘“si’] + 
hé?am pd‘Sin the man + ifA?mayhewA?ap he 
who has spoken to her) 
hé?m pa‘sin hée?m ingowA?ap mo?nanhakydhpa the 
men, those who answered, remained asleep (he?m 
pa’sin the man [men] + he?m he [they] + ?in¢o‘*nwA? ap 
he [they] who answered + m6?yanhakydhpa they 
remained asleep) 
hému?m ini?it he?m pak ikka?wA?ap there he had the 
bone which had killed him (hémuim there + ?ini?it he 
had + hé?m pak the bone + ?ikka?wA?ap that which 
killed him) 
CONTEMPORANEOUS CLAUSES 
19.3. There are two types of contemporaneous 
sentence constructions. In the first the action of 
the subordinate verb is linear, and that of the 
main verb punctual. In this case the subordinate 
verb theme is given special suffixes. In the second 
type the action of both subordinate and main 
verbs is linear, 2nd the two clauses are joined by a 
conjunction. In beth types the pronominal pre- 
fixes undergo changes. 
19.4. Linear-punctual contemporaneous clauses. 
The action of the subordinate verb is linear while 
that expressed by the main verb is punctual. 
The subordinate verb theme is given the suffix 
-wam if the action is completive in aspect, and 
-pam if the action is incompletive (8.9). The 
transitive pronominal prefixes are used with the 
subordinate verb theme regardless of the normal 
transitivity or intransitivity of that verb. When 
the conjunction ma (mo, mu, mi) (13.10) since, 
when is used to introduce the main clause, the 
transitive pronominal prefixes are also always 
attached to the main verb theme. 
?anwi?kwAm nikpa tum pa’sin when I had been eating 
a man arrived (?an- Ist. per. sub. 3d. per. obj. t. p. 
pref. + *wi?k eat (i. theme) + -wam + nukpa he 
arrives + tim pa‘sin a man) 
?i’na’mpa?m i’nispa tum pain as you were looking 
you saw a man (?if- 2d. per. sub. 3d. per. obj. 
t. p. pref. + *?a?m look [t. theme] + -pam + 
?i?nispa you saw + tim pa-sin) 
?idiho?’ywAmom ttih hésak antk it was already raining 
when I arrived (?i- 3d. per. sub. and obj. t. p. pref. + 
*¢ih6?y keep hitting [i. theme] + -wam + -om enc. 
“already” + tuh rain + hésak when + ?antik I 
arrived) 
*idiho?ypdm tuh mu ?annik zt was raining when I 
arrived (?an- Ist per. sub. 3d. per obj. t. p. pref. + 
*nuk) 
?andukumwAmom ?a?nispa tim éimpa just as I got 
up I saw a dog (?an- + *¢uktim arise [i. theme] + 
-wam + -om + ?a?niSpa J saw + tim ¢i'mpa a 
dog) 
