SIERRA POPOLUCA SPEECH—FOSTER AND FOSTER ol 
19.5. Linear-linear contemporaneous clauses. 
The action of both subordinate and main verbs is 
durative rather than punctual. The conjunction 
ma (mo, mu, mi) usually is used to introduce the 
main clause, and the pronominal prefix of the main 
verb must be transitive. 
da wa?& mo ?ikéd indka he could not put on his skin 
(da wa?d. he could not + mo + ?i- 3d. per. sub. and 
obj. t. p. pref. + *kot put on [t. theme] + ?ifdka 
his skin) 
Sikpa mi ?indk he laughed as he went (Sikpa he laughed 
+ mi + ?i- + *nak go [i. theme]) 
?anwéhpa ?inck shouting he went (?anwéhpa he shouts + 
?inck he went) 
ma ?anwit kdya ?a?nfS ukki?wih as I walked in the 
street I saw drinkers (ma + ?an- Ist. per. sub. 3d. 
per. obj. t. p. pref. + *wit walk [i. theme] + # compl. 
suf. + kaya street [Sp. ‘‘calle”] + ?a?niS I saw + 
?ukku?wih drinkers) 
hé?m iwd?anha?m ikék he likes to fly (he?m he + 
?iwd?anhdm he likes it + i- + *kek fly [i. theme]) 
pé?m hén kékpa ?i8A? that bird flies when it goes along 
(pé?m hén that bird + kékpa it flies + ?i- + *sa? 
go along [i. theme]) 
hé? da wa?a* ?imén ¢a?mak he couldn’t sleep last night 
(he? he + da wa?4: was not able + ?i + *mon 
sleep [i. theme] + ¢u?mak last night) 
titiga da wa?A'p imin why can’t he come? (ti?iga why + 
da wa?d-p he zs not able + ?i- + *min come [i. 
theme]) 
ma ?ansé?t sdmii téypa ?idak anké-bak as I fried 
bananas my head was aching (ma + ?an- + *se?t 
fry [t. theme] + sdmfi banana + té6ypa ?idak it 
was aching + ?anké:bak my head) 
GERUNDIAL CLAUSES 
19.6. Gerundial clauses are resultative and con- 
ditioned. The main and subordinate verbs have 
the same subject. The chief characteristic of 
gerundial constructions is that the pronominal 
prefixes of both main and subordinate verbs 
undergo certain changes such as loss of pronominal 
prefixes or shifts from the intransitive to the trans- 
itive forms, and that the gerundial verb has one 
of the gerundial suffixes (8.2). 
19.7. Resultative gerundials. The action of the 
resultative gerundial is the result or purpose of the 
main verb. The construction differs for transitive 
and intransitive gerundial verbs. The main verb 
used in these constructions is always intransitive, 
and usually expresses such a concept as going, com- 
ing, beginning, or finishing. The first person im- 
perative construction is of the same type, although 
the main verb is defective in that it is only found 
in this one type of construction. This imperative 
verb is te’. In this imperative construction the 
first person inclusive pronominal prefixes (7.2, 
7.5, 8.4) are always attached before the stem of 
the gerundial verb. 
19.8. Intransitive resultative gerundials. The 
main verb takes the regular aspect or imperative 
suffixes, and no pronominal prefix. The gerundial 
verb retains the regular intransitive pronominal 
prefixes and is given the gerundial suffix -i. The 
plural verbal suffixes may also be attached, in final 
position, to the gerundial verb. 
nAkpa mi?{ti you go (somewhere) to live (*nak go + 
-pa ine. suf. + mi- 2d. per. i. p. pref. + *?it live + 
-i) 
moh é¢iyah they began dancing (*moh begin + *?e¢ 
dance + -i + -yah pl. suf.) 
min tawi?ki we (incl.) came to eat (*minh come + ta- 
Ist. per. lim. incl. pl. i. p. pref. + *wi?k eat + -i) 
te: dawi?ki let’s eat 
te: damdéni let’s sleep (mon sleep) 
moh anwcthi he began to shout (*?anwéh shout) 
naga mikénigo and sit down! (nak go + -a imp. suf. + 
mi- 2d. per. i. p. pref. + *koii szt down + -i) 
nAkpa °?ayé?yitam we (excl.) are going to jump (n&kkpa 
+ ?a- Ist. per. i. p. pref. + *yo?y jump + -i + -tam 
pl. suf.) 
19.9. Transitive resultative gerundials. The 
main verb stem takes the regular aspect or im- 
perative suffixes, but no pronominal prefixes. The 
gerundial verb stem takes the transitive pronom- 
inal prefixes, the zero gerundial suffix, and the 
plural suffixes, except that in the third person the 
pronominal prefix ?i- may be omitted and the 
gerundial suffix -i attached to the subordinate 
verb theme. The plural suffixes are always in 
final position. Passive gerundials may have 
either the completive or the incompletive suffixes, 
and are given, as are the active verb stems, the 
recular transitive pronominal prefixes. Transi- 
tive gerundials with imperative inflection omit 
the pronominal prefixes for both main verb and 
cerundial. 
Active gerundials: 
moh ihd's he began to think (*moh begin + # compl. 
suf. + ?i- 3d. per. sub. and obj. t. p. pref. + *ha’s 
think + # ger. suf.) 
moh iwdt or moh wati he began to do it (*wat do) 
yah itopydh they finished taking it out (*yah finish + 
# compl. suf. + ?i- + * top take out + # ger. suf. + 
-yah pl. suf.) 
min manakwak IJ came to ask you (*mii come + # 
compl. suf. + man- ist. per. sub. 2d. per. obj. t. p. 
pref. + *?akwak ask + # ger. suf.) 
