oo INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY—PUBLICATION NO. 8 
min ta?ndi?m we came to look (*min ++ # compl. suf. + 
tan- Ist. per. sub. 3d. per. obj. lim. incl. pl. t. p. 
pref. + *?a?m look + # ger. suf.) 
té- da?nd?m let’s look 
te dammé?¢ let's search (*me?¢ search) 
Passive gerundials: 
moh im6d?gaytd'p he began to be teased (*moh + # 
compl. suf. + ?i- + *mo?gd?y tease + -ta‘p ine. 
pas.) 
moh imd?gayta: he began to be teased. This form has 
the completive passive suffix -ta’. There is no good 
direct English translation to express the difference 
between the two concepts. 
minpa ?7i?a?mta* he was come to see. (In English this 
is best translated as “he was visited” or “‘they came 
to see him’’.) (*mif come + -pa ine. suf. + ?i- + 
?a?mtd he was seen) 
Imperative gerundials: 
ndga me?¢td?ma go and search for it! (nkga go! + 
*me?¢ search + -ta?m pl. suf. + -a imp. suf.) 
méha wita begin doing it! (méha begin! +wata do!) 
ki?ma nkga maga climb up to go and seize it! (ki?ma 
climb! + n&ga go! + maga sezze/) 
19.10. Conditioned gerundials. The action of 
the gerundial verb is conditioned by the action of 
the main verb, which expresses ideas such as 
“being able,” “keeping on,” “liking,” ‘‘knowing,” 
and so forth. The main verb stem takes the 
regular aspect suffixes but not the pronominal 
prefixes. The gerundial verb stem takes the 
transitive pronominal prefixes, whether it is regu- 
larly transitive or intransitive, and the zero 
gerundial suffix. This construction has not been 
observed in the passive voice. 
?AG SA?Da Panwi?k J am (continuing) eating (?aé I + 
*sa? keep on + -pa ine. suf. + ?an- Ist. per. sub. 
3d. per. obj. t. p. pref. + *wi?k cat + # ger. suf.) 
mié sA?ba ?inhfps you are burning (lit. “keep on burn- 
ing’) (mié you + sx?ba + ?if- 2nd. per. sub. 3d. 
per. obj. t. p. pref. + *hips burn # ger. suf.) 
hu¢a‘p tanwi?k how are we going to eat? (*hu¢dé: how 
[verb] + -p ine. suf. + tan- Ist. per. sub. 3d. per. 
obj. lim. inel. pl. t. p. pref. + *wi?k + # ger. suf.) 
da wa?i-p ta?nit we cannot live (da neg. + *wa?d- 
be able + -p ine. suf. + tan- + *?i€ live + # ger. suf.) 
da wa?a-p ampdk I can not marry her (*pak marry) 
19.11. The conditioned gerundial following a 
stative verb. Only one case has been observed of 
a gerundial following a stative verb. The main 
(stative) verb keeps the regular intransitive pro- 
nominal prefixes. The gerundial verb is unpre- 
fixed, and uses the gerundial suffix -i. 
mié mikA4?npu makki?mi you are an egg taken out with 
a net (mikA?npu you are an egg st. verb, makki?mi 
taken out with a net) 
20. CLAUSE COMBINATIONS 
20.1. As has been seen, the complex sentence 
usually is rather short, consisting of a main clause 
and a modifying or a subordinate clause. How- 
ever, a modifying or subordinate clause may in 
turn be modified by another modifying or subor- 
dinate clause, and this in turn modified by another 
in an indefinite sequence. 
20.2. Main clause + gerundial clause + relative 
clause: 
he?m hayé<-$i nAkpa ?imé?¢ hd’t se?tta:p the boy 
went to search where it was being fried (he?m hayéA‘Si 
the boy + nakpa ?imé?¢ went to search + hut 
where + se?ttd-p it was being fried) 
20.3. Main clause + relative clause (modif. 
noun) + gerundial clause: 
?ikupadd?ypa tim tAk hu?t sd?ba ?iwitkkuywat tam 
é6°mo he found a house where an old woman was 
(kept on) preparing dinner (?ikupadA?ypa he found 
+ ttm txk a house + hu?t + sX?ba kept on, 
continued + ?iwikkuywdt making dinner + tdm 
é6-mo an old woman) 
20.4. Relative clause + gerundial clause + 
main clause: 
hésak mifpa ?i?A?myahtd: ?inkehayydhpa dig itd¢d 
when she came to look at them they showed her a rat’s 
tail (hésak when + mifipa she came + ?i?A?myahta- 
to look at them (pas. const.) + ?inkthayydhpa they 
showed her + ¢dg iti¢ rat’s tail) 
20.5. Main imperative clause + gerundial im- 
perative clause + relative clause + connective 
clause + connective clause: 
niga me?¢ta4?ma he?m pd‘Sin hi’d ff si?iga nama 
he?am ?ikupuhné? ?anyormmanak go and search for 
the man where he vs if it is certain that he (zs the one 
who) has liberated my daughter (nkga go + 
me?¢tad?ma search [imp. pl.) + hé?m pa-sii the man 
+ hu?t where + it he is + sf?iga if + nima 
ceriain [st. verb] + hé?am he ts the one + ?ikupuhné? 
he has liberated + ?anyo‘mmdnak my daughter) 
20.6. Main clause + connective clause + con- 
nective clause + relative clause (modif. noun) -++ 
gerundial clause + connective clause: 
he?m iy6"mo ¢4?m itéypa porke he? th?m iSwérte ?ipdt 
he?m lagtina hd?t naktsp imaA¢ tX?pa ?i hému?m 
iku?iSx?y hé?m yormo he loved his wife very much 
because she was his good luck (which) he found in the 
lake where he went meaning to catch fish and there he 
met the woman (he?m iyé‘mo the his wife + ¢am 
much + ?it6ypa he loved her + porke because (Sp. 
“porque”’] + he? th?m iSwérte she was his good luck 
(Sp. ‘‘suerte’’] [st. verb] + ?ipdt he found + he?m 
lagtina the lake [Sp.] + hu?t where + naktdp he went 
