36 INSTITU'E OF SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY—PUBLICATION NO. 8 
22.16. The negative attributive. The negative 
attributive da no, not is used as a verb modifier 
in all but modal clauses. 
da ?andkpa I am not going (?anXkpa I am going) 
da?m an<kpa J am not going any more (da + -m lim. 
enc.) 
da ?anwA?aqhd?m iga mindk J don’t like it that you went 
(*?anqwa?anhdm like) 
22.17. The modal negative ?édoy is used as a 
verb modifier in imperative phrases and subjunc- 
tive subordinate clauses. It has not been observed 
with verbs inflected with the subjunctive suffix, 
but in itself gives a subjunctive meaning to the 
phrase, thereby eliminating the necessity for the 
subjunctive suffix. 
doy nga don’t go! (nXkga go!) 
?édom niga don’t go any more! (?6doy + -m lim. enc.) 
da nakpa ?iyd?g iga ?ddo?y ikka? he didn’t go himself 
that they might not kill him (?6doy modif. ?ikk&? he 
[they] killed him > they might not kill him) 
¢enaytd: he?m iéi'mpa ?iga ?odoy nag ikupth his dogs 
were tied that they might not go to free him (?ddoy 
modif. *nak go > they might not go) 
22.18. The conjunction. A conjunction may 
function only to introduce a modifying clause (for 
examples see 18.6), except for the conjunction ?1 
(Sp. ‘‘y’’) which may also be used to join a series 
of noun subjects or noun objects (for examples see 
21.2-38). 
22.19. The interjection. Interjections may be 
used as phrase words in answer to a question, or 
as exclamatory elements in a phrase. 
mindkpa héyma (pause) hA4 are you going? yes (ha yes) 
°4y 246i kitu?m angékwifi oh, uncle, my chest is 
broken (?ay exclamatory interjection) 
22.20. The cardinal enumerative. A cardinal 
enumerative may function as subject or object 
of a verb, or as a noun modifier. 
he?m tukutén da ?idi? ikA? the three did not give their 
hands (hé?m tukutén the three sub. of ?i€i? they gave 
them) 
?immé?¢pa wasten karpintéro you will search for two 
woodpeckers (wastén two modif. karpintéro wood- 
pecker [Sp.]) 
22.21. The pronominal enumerative. The pro- 
nominal enumerative may be used as subject or 
object of a verb, or in apposition to a nominal 
subject or object. 
tagaytaé?ma 7ifitimpay gel in, all of you! (?intimpay 
all of you sub. of imper. verb) 
?i?i-Syah itimpay he?m n4wahyah all the witches saw it 
(?iftimpay all of them sub. in apposition to niwahyah 
witches) 
22.22. The adverbial enumerative. The ad- 
verbial enumerative functions as a verb modifier. 
waskay ?indks he hit tt twice (wAskay twice modif. 
?indks he hit) 
22.23. Polite phrases. The only difference 
noted between the speech of men and women is in 
the form of greeting used. That for men is 
su¢6?y while that for women is fttiSam stéif. 
Although there is no apparent direct translation 
for these forms, the nature of some of the mor- 
phemes may be pointed out. The stem *Su¢ is 
common to both. In the masculine form it is 
followed by the repetitive suffix -?6?y. In the 
feminine form it is preceded by fttiSam (probably 
tus God [Sp. ‘“dios’’] plus the enclitic -am) and 
followed by the subjunctive suffix -7in. ‘Thank 
you” is expressed by ydkwX?abam dus (probably 
a verb stem *yuk with the agentive suffix -wX?ap, 
the enclitic -am, and a variant of Spanish ‘‘dios’’). 
23. WORD ORDER 
23.1. Word order is not rigid in Popoluca, but 
there are a few definite rules which are always 
adhered to in the combining of syntactic elements 
into sentences, and other tendencies which are 
usually followed. 
23.2. A conjunction used to introduce a clause 
must always precede all the other elements of the 
clause (see examples 18.6). 
23.3. Relative and interrogative adverbs gen- 
erally precede all other elements of the clause (see 
examples 18.7) but may occasionally be preceded 
by another element such as a demonstrative ad- 
verb or even the verb subject. 
hémak hi¢ma ndk ?ipdtpa uspin there, where he went, 
he encountered an alligator (hémak there, higma 
where) 
yA?p pa‘Sin hd?t nxkpa this man, where is he going? 
(hu?t where inter. preceded by yA?p pA‘Sin this man) 
23.4. Negatives and intensifiers always directly 
precede the verb which they modify, with the 
exception of the intensifier ?éybak again which also 
has been noted following the modified verb with 
a preceding tensor. 
2x6 da ?andkpa I do not go (da neg. at.) 
?ddoy nga don’t go! (?6doy neg. at.) 
da wX*bak he?m yé-mo the woman is not pretty (da 
modif. st. verb wA‘bak is pretty) 
?AG Aga ?anho?’yd?y I was very angry with them (?dga 
very modif. ?anho?yé?y I was angry) 
sA?ab anaputa ?éybak now take me out again! (?éybak 
again modif. ?anaptta take me out!) 
