26 INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY—PUBLICATION NO. 5 
jected is reflected by the diversity of dress styles 
which are to be seen in the town. In addition to 
the traditional costumes of the region, which have 
been described for the village of Santa Barbara, 
one sees Mestizos in European style clothing carry- 
ing bundles on their backs in native-woven carry- 
ing cloths, and Indian women wearing men’s hats 
manufactured in Lima. 
Since, in addition to being the seat of the District 
government, Castrovirreina is also the capital of 
the Province of the same name, it has the formal 
political organization which is encountered in all 
Provinces of the country, and which it is not 
necessary to discuss in the present paper. Within 
the town proper, the political officials, the school 
teachers, and the resident priest are all Mestizos. 
Although most of the 20 annexes which pertain to 
the District are predominantly Indian communi- 
ties, most of the officials of these are also Mestizos. 
The traditional offices collectively included under 
the term varayoc have disappeared in the Castro- 
virreina region. 
Today, owing to its geographical situation and 
to the connecting highway, Castrovirreina func- 
tions chiefly as a center for the exchange of Coastal 
and Highland products. Local residents estimate 
that at least a quarter of the Mestizo inhabitants 
of the town, mostly men, are engaged in small- 
scale trading enterprises, and make frequent trips 
by truck with their produce to Pisco, Ica, and 
Chincha valleys. From the Coast these, as well 
as Coastal traders, return with rice, sugar, flour, 
bananas, fruit, vegetables, peppers, wines, and 
aguardiente for consumption in Castrovirreina 
and for trade throughout the Province. Virtually 
all commerce today is based on a money economy 
and only some Indians from the surrounding 
punas continue to employ the barter system. 
The principal cash crop of the Castrovirreina 
region is the potato crop, the greater part of 
which is sold in the markets of Pisco or to dealers 
AYACUCHO 
AYACUCHO 
The great Colonial city of Huamanga (or 
Guamanga), today renamed Ayacucho in com- 
memoration of the decisive battle at that place 
during the War of Independence, was founded in 
the year 1539 by Francisco Pizarro because the 
great distance which had to be traveled between 
who have come to this town from Lima. Nearly 
all barley is consumed locally, although a small 
quantity is traded to the coast. 
Much of the land of the Castrovirreina region 
is owned by small haciendas, or fincas, which 
specialize in the production of potatoes, barley, 
and wheat, and in breeding llamas, sheep, and 
some cattle. The farmers and herders of these 
fincas are the Indians of the punas who, in return 
for their services, are allowed to farm portions of 
the finea’s lands, to graze their livestock on the 
finea’s pastures, or receive a small daily wage. 
In addition, the estancias of the Indians produce 
livestock and wool for the Coastal market. The 
hacienda cattle are kept chiefly for dairy products, 
butter and cheese being important articles of 
trade; the haciendas also produce mutton, dried 
meat, and wool for export to the Coast. 
Although there is some traffic in hide sandals, 
native industries are of little importance in the 
Castrovirreina region, and such weaving as is 
done is for local consumption. 
Mining continues to be of importance through- 
out the region, and local inhabitants estimate 
that some 20 percent of the Indian residents of 
the town work seasonally in the nearby mines. 
The majority of these men go to the mines un- 
accompanied by their families, who stay behind 
to tend the fields and the flocks. The people of 
Castrovirreina are said to dislike to work on the 
haciendas of the Coast or on the plantations of the 
Montana because of fear of contracting malaria. 
The fiestas of Castrovirreina are said by the 
local inhabitants to have lost much of thei tra- 
ditional character in recent years; 1t appears that 
with the improved facilities for travel and trade, 
the process of secularization of “holy days’’ to 
“holidays” is becoming increasingly marked. 
Fiestas of a purely social nature and national 
holidays are reported to be assuming greater 
importance. 
DEPARTMENT 
Jauja and Cuzco was without any sizable town or 
city. The founding of the city led immediately 
to a war with the Indians under the leadership of 
Inca Manco, and this in turn necessitated the 
establishing of a large Spanish garrison and settle- 
ment at Huamanga which served as field head- 
quarters. From the new settlement a series of 
successful campaigns were waged which finally 
