ayy INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY—PUBLICATION NO. 5 
of adobe bricks, often with pirca masonry foun- 
dations of field stones set in adobe, and have 
tiled roofs of unequal pitch. Walls are plastered 
or whitewashed. Most houses have covered 
porches, or corredores, the roofs of which are 
supported by wooden pillars with cut-stone bases; 
in the center of the town the porch faces on the 
plaza while elsewhere it is usually entered from 
the patio. Kitchens are regularly small, low 
huts, separate from the living quarters and 
covered by tiled or thatched single-pitched roofs. 
One entire side of the plaza is occupied by the 
church, an imposing Colonial structure, the bell- 
tower of which is reached by a flight of outside 
steps. Also situated on the plaza is the two- 
room adobe building which houses the postal 
and telegraph offices; for although the village 
lacks electric lights, it has telegraph service to 
Ayacucho. On the remaining sides of the plaza 
are located the village’s four small stores and 
the houses of the community’s more prominent 
Mestizo citizens.” The only other publie build- 
ings are the school for boys, in which some 150 
students are enrolled, and the school for girls 
with some 30 pupils. 
Although it is connected with Ayacucho by 
automobile road, Quinoa is relatively isolated 
owing to the fact that no vehicles are owned 
locally. Trucks regularly pass through the vil- 
lage only on Saturdays en route to Tambo and 
San Miguel to the northeast. In spite of the 
new roads, much use is still made of horses, mules, 
and burros, and of llamas in the nearby uplands, 
for purposes of transportation. 
The population of the District of Quinoa, 
according to the 1940 census, is 5,649, of whom 
915 are classed as Whites or Mestizos, 4,730 are 
Indians, 1 is a Negro, and 3 are undeclared 
(Extracto Estadistico del Pert, 1940, p. 37). 
Our own impression is that the White-Mestizo 
segment is actually much smaller proportionately 
than the census indicates. Quinoa proper has a 
relatively small number of inhabitants, probably 
not in excess of 1,500, while the majority of the 
population of the District lives in what appear to 
be scattered extended family groups in the 
estaneias which pertain to the village. Such a 
group consists of a cluster of three or four houses 
with the kitchens, outbuildings, and corrals 
6° The stock carried by these shops is small and simple, consisting of aguar- 
diente, coca, sugar, flour, rice, coffee, bread of poor quality, candles, cheap 
cigarettes, and matches. 
surrounded by the family’s cultivated lands. 
Often the buildings of one group are set off from 
those of adjacent families by a low compound wall, 
by maguey hedges, or by lines of eucalyptus trees. 
In contrast to the situation in Carmen Alto, 
there is evidence that in Quinoa classes are 
organized along more rigid lines. The Mestizos 
occupy the larger and more centrally located 
houses as well as the more important political 
offices. The gobernador, the two tenientes, and 
the alcalde are Mestizos, as are the three school 
teachers, the postmistress, and the resident priest. 
In addition, Mestizos operate the village’s shops 
and are the merchants of “imported” goods on the 
occasion of the Sunday markets. The Indians, 
who live on the fringes of the town and in the 
estancias, are the farmers, the herders, and the 
peons or laborers. 
In addition to occupational differences, the dress 
of the Mestizos is clearly distinct from that of the 
Indians. The men and some women of the 
Mestizo class wear Western European type cloth- 
ing of manufactured materials while other Mes- 
tizas dress de centro in the style typical of most 
women of the Jauja Valley communities (pl. 12, a). 
Indian men wear clothing of homespun cut along 
European lines, native-woven belts, striped woolen 
ponchos, home-made felt hats, and hide slipper- 
sandals (pl. 9, 6). Women of the Indian class also 
dress in homespuns and characteristically wear the 
colored outer skirt hitched up under the hand- 
woven belt to reveal an underskirt with an elab- 
orately embroidered hem. Native-woven shawls 
and carrying cloths worn over homespun blouses, 
and hand-made felt hats complete their costumes 
(pl. 9, a, e). Indian women usually go barefoot, 
but may wear slipper-sandals. 
The two classes of Quinoa also tend to be 
differentiated linguistically. Although they know 
Quechua, the Mestizos of the village appear to 
speak Spanish by preference; it is said that not a 
single inhabitant speaks only Spanish. Few of the 
Indians, especially those who live in the estancias, 
speak Spanish unless they are accustomed to make 
seasonal trips to the Coast. 
The formal District political organization of 
present-day Quinoa has been superimposed on 
an older system which is highly similar to that 
found among the less acculturated Quechua of 
the rural areas of Cuzco Department (cf. Mishkin, 
1946, pp. 443-448). The town proper is divided 
into moieties or barrios, designated hanan sayoe 
