HIGHLAND COMMUNITIES OF 
(“upper district’) and lurin sayoe (“lower dis- 
trict’’), each of which is presided over by a teniente, 
an alealde, and an alguacil.*!| The former barrio 
has 8 regidores, while the latter has 13. Although, 
as stated above, the tenientes are Mestizos, the 
remaining officials both in the village and in the 
estancias are Indians. As in Santa Barbara, 
these officials are collectively called varayoc, and 
each carries a wooden staff adorned with silver 
ornaments as an insignia of office (pl. 9, 98). 
Each barrio has a series of estancias which pertain 
to it, and which. appear to resemble the ayllus 
found today among the conservative Indian com- 
munities of the Department of Puno (cf. Tschopik, 
1946, pp. 539-544). These are named as follows: 
Estancias of Hanan Sayoc: ® 
(1) Chiwampampa—“wet pampa.”’ 
(2) Susu—(translation doubtful). 
(3) Paraqay—‘“white.” 
(4) Nawinpukyu—‘‘mouth (literally “eye’”’) of 
spring.” 
(5) Wiruyphaqcha—“‘caseade of the cane.” 
Estancias of Lurin Sayoc: 
(1) Muya—“mountain meadow.” 
(2) Llamawillka—“llama amulet.” 
(3) Murunkancha—“products of the corral.” 
Each esiancia in turn has its varayoc: teniente, 
alealde, and alguacil. 
Quinoa is primarily an agricultural community. 
Although wheat, barley, peas, quinoa, and po- 
tatoes are produced on a small scale and some 
fruit is grown, the principal crop is maize. With 
the exception of four small haciendas, two of which 
are owned by men from Ayacucho, most of the 
land is owned by the local inhabitants. The 
Indians who work on the haciendas farm on a 
share-cropping basis and receive fields which they 
plant for themselves in return for their labors. In 
addition to farming, the people of Quinoa raise 
some livestock. The herds are said to be small, 
and to consist in the main of cattle and sheep, 
while a few llamas are raised on the higher estan- 
cias. Most families also keep guinea pigs, chick- 
ens, and a few pigs. The village owns communal 
erazing land in the upland regions of the District 
to which the animals are driven in August to 
graze. The herders who accompany the livestock 
are people of the town who are said to tend the 
flocks and herds in return for agricultural produce. 
On the eve of Santa Cruz in May, the owners go 
61 The precise translation of the term “‘Sayoc’’ is uncertain. 
® The translations were kindly supplied by José M. B. Farfan. 
CENTRAL PERU—TSCHOPIK 30 
to the hills to reclaim their animals, to hold rites 
designed to increase their fertility, and to feast 
the shepherds and herders. 
The principal industry of the village, and, 
indeed, of the entire District, is the manufacture 
of pottery (pl. 9, a). Much pottery is made in 
the outlying estancias, and most potters are said 
to be men. Weaving is also of considerable im- 
portance, native-woven shawls, blankets, and 
homespuns being produced in quantity for sale 
in Ayacucho. Since the flocks of the local 
inhabitants are small, wool is obtained by barter- 
ing maize and pottery in the surrounding High- 
lands. One estancia of Quinoa, Nawinpukyu, 
specializes in the gathering and sale of kindling 
wood for fuel. 
Market takes place Sundays in the plaza. In 
addition to the local farm products which are 
offered for sale—or, more frequently, bartered— 
by the Indians, several of the Mestizo residents 
of the village sell such merchandise as cotton 
cloth, hardware, and other manufactured articles 
which they have purchased in Ayacucho. Meat 
is said to be scarce; while mutton is usually avail- 
able, and while beef is sold about once a month, 
there are many Sundays when no meat of any 
kind is for sale in the market. Fruit and vege- 
tables are brought in from the neighboring val- 
leys to be traded for cereals, pottery, and textiles. 
Although it is not primarily a community which 
engages in commerce, some Indians from Quinoa 
make trading trips to Tambo and San Miguel 
on the fringes of the Montana to trade local 
products for coca and aguardiente which are then 
exchanged in the punas of Cangallo and Puquio 
for hides, pelts, and wool. Pottery is also bar- 
tered for potatoes in the neighboring Highlands 
to the northeast. 
As in Carmen Alto, few residents of Quinoa 
go to work in mines or on the plantations of the 
jungle. Some 60 Indians, however, regularly 
leave the village after the harvest in April to 
seck seasonal employment on the Coastal haci- 
endas or on the guano islands off the port of Pisco. 
The men rejoin their families in October in time 
for planting. In addition, some 15 Indians of 
Quinoa regularly work on highway maintenance 
in the vicinity of Ayacucho. 
The principal fiesta of Quinoa is that of the 
Virgen de Cochareas, celebrated on the 8th of 
September. While other feast days of the Catho- 
lic calendar, including Corpus Cristi, San Pedro, 
