50 INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY—PUBLICATION NO. 5 
pound; then, suddenly, at the turn of.the century, 
the widespread manufacture of electrical appl- 
ances and the development of heavy industry gen- 
erally caused copper to boom. (Ibid., 1941, pp. 
248-249.) 
The early years of the present century wit- 
nessed a revolutionization of the mining industry 
in Peru with Cerro de Pasco as the chief focal 
point of activity. In 1902 the famous claims 
were purchased by United States interests and a 
company was formed which was later succeeded 
by the present Cerro de Pasco Copper Corp.” 
By 1906 the exportation of copper began. Other 
corporations, financed by Peruvian, French, and 
British capital soon entered the field at Colquijirca, 
Huarén, San José, and at many other places. 
Almost overnight, a network of railways and roads 
spread over Junin pampa, and whole towns sprang 
up in the barren, desolate hills and punas. On the 
rolling uplands where shepherds once herded their 
llamas and beside the dumps of abandoned 
Spanish silver mines rise smelters, ovens, and 
concentrators, noisy machine shops, mills, hydro- 
electric plants, and huge warehouses. As may be 
imagined, the rapid growth of modern industry 
has considerably altered the way of life of the 
native inhabitants. Whole communities that 
formerly lived by pastoralism now work in the 
numerous mines and smelters, in the machine 
shops, and on the railways. They attend schools, 
have access to modern hospitals, and go to the 
movies. The company stores are replacing native 
markets, and many traditional handicrafts have all 
but disappeared. Rapidly changing conditions 
have disrupted family life, community organiza- 
tion, and, indeed, the entire fabric of native cul- 
ture. 
Modern Cerro de Pasco, the capital of the 
recently created Department of Pasco and the 
industrial hub of the entire region, is a sprawling 
mining camp grown into a city (pl. 15, a). The 
town is built around and between immense open 
craters, streaked red, yellow, and dark brown, 
which mark the sites of old Spanish silver mines. 
The cobblestone streets wind among mountains 
of detritus and slag that have accumulated around 
the shafts and dumps. Important mines are 
situated in the midst of the very town, and the 
whole vicinity is literally honey-combed with 
underground workings, certain portions of which 
% Material on the modern development of mining in Pasco Department 
has been taken from Dunn (1925, pp. 400-403). 
have already caved in as a result of ancient opera- 
tions. The town has grown, by and large, without 
conscious plau, and is a curious jumble of the old 
and the new. Huge steel and concrete structures 
have been erected among primitive fieldstone 
corrals and thatched adobe huts. Hotels, office 
buildings, and motion picture theaters stand side 
by side with Colonial houses, ancient churches, 
and dark, smoky picantertas. Mining dominates 
the life of the town, and it is safe to assume that 
the occupations of most of its inhabitants are 
connected either directly or indirectly with the 
mining industry. Squalid and unlovely though it 
is, Cerro de Pasco and the surrounding region 
afford a laboratory for studying the effects of the 
impact of modern mechanized culture on that of 
the Highland Indian. 
HUAYLLAY 
The town of Huayllay lies within the sphere of 
influence of the French mining company, Com- 
pagnie des Mines de Huarén. The automobile 
road which connects these mines with Cerro de 
Pasco, some 37% miles distant to the northeast, 
passes within less than a kilometer of the town, 
and over this road trucks and busses travel back 
and forth daily, carrying minerals, supplies, and 
passengers. San José, the refining town and 
communications hub on the trunk railway line 
to Shelby station, lies approximately 1 mile due 
north of Huayllay and, since it is more favorably 
situated for trade, has largely taken over from the 
latter the functions of marketing and commercial 
center. 
The site of the town occupies a hill which 
rises from the undulating grasslands of the puna; 
in the distance, in all directions, bare, rocky 
basaltic hills covered by coarse grass ring the 
fringes of the plain. Flowing from the north- 
west past the town is a small river, highly colored 
by mineral salts, which carries away the waste 
and refuse from the mines of Huarén. For this 
reason Huayllay must depend for its drinking 
water on that piped from several nearby springs. 
The 100-odd houses, or less, which compose the 
town are ranged along three unpaved streets (pl. 
16, a). Because many of the men are away 
working, the empty streets, which are usually 
vacant except for a few women and children, give 
the impression that the town is almost deserted. 
On the northern outskirts, on either side of the 
road leading into town, are situated the cemetery 
