THE PAN-AMERICAN EXPOSITION. 295 
by the Exposition company. The salt water was brought from Woods 
Hole, Mass., transported in cars loaned by the Union Tank Line 
Company of New York. This water was stored in the basement of 
the building in large settling tanks, from which it was pumped through 
hard-rubber pipes, by means of nickel pumps driven by electricity, into 
a tank 20 feet above the aquaria, from which it entered the aquaria 
by gravity through hard-rubber pipes, the rubber being used because 
our experience at Omaha and other points led us to suspect that the 
quality of the salt water had been affected by the use of iron and other 
metal pipes. 
Provision was made for an 8-ton Remington ice machine for redu- 
cing the temperature of the water in summer, so that the Salmonide 
and other fishes requiring cold water could be displayed throughout 
the period of the Exposition. Arrangements were also provided for 
heating the salt water during the early and late days of the Exposition, 
when the temperature of the water would be lower than the water 
from which the fish had been taken. 
For the details of the construction of the aquarium, and the instal- 
lation of the machinery, reservoir, and supply tanks, reference is made 
to the accompanying plans, which also show the system of pipes used 
for the circulation of both salt and fresh water. 
The casual visitor looking at the aquarium little realizes the diffi- 
culties of maintaining a salt-water exhibit a thousand miles from the 
ocean. Arrangements must first be made to secure a supply of pure 
sult water, of a density ranging from 1.013 to 1.018, from some point 
where the railroad facilities allow the cars to be placed on the docks 
so that the water can be conveniently pumped into them. To obtain 
pure water the point selected must necessarily be distant from large 
cities. So far the Commission has found only two points on the 
Atlantic coast where comparatively pure salt water can be readily 
secured, namely, Woods Hole, Mass., and Morehead City, N. C. 
The success of the aquaria, after suitable water has been secured, 
depends very largely on the conditions under which the fish are cap- 
tured and the care and celerity with which they are transported to 
their destination. They should be caught with such devices as will 
prevent their being bruised or cut, and with little or no loss of scales, 
and they should be very carefully handled from the time they are 
captured until they are placed in the aquarium. This is a difficult 
problem at best, and especially when it is borne in mind that we are 
obliged to depend very largely on the commercial fishermen, who are 
accustomed to handle their fish somewhat roughly, as their only object 
is to catch them and place them in the market as quickly as possible. 
As very few species of the salt-water fishes could be obtained on the 
New England coast before the middle or end of May, those exhibited 
at the opening of the Exposition were collected from Morehead City, 
N. C., both on account of its railroad facilities and the abundance of 
