THE PAN-AMERICAN EXPOSITION. 307 
Copeland, and built in 1880 by Pusey & Jones, of Wilmington, Del. The work of 
fish-hatehing necessitates her entering, at times, the shallow waters of rivers, bays, 
and sounds along the coast, and she was therefore given a light draft, which unsuits 
her for long trips at sea. The hull below the main deck is of iron, built on Lloyd’s 
rules for vessels of her class, and sheathed with yellow pine 23 to 3 inches thick. 
Above the main deck the structure is of wood. The hurricane deck extends from 
stem to stern and from side to side, on which are located the pilot house, captain’s 
quarters, and laboratory. 
General dimensions: Length over all, 156 feet 6 inches; breadth of beam, 27 feet; 
mean draft, 6 feet 53 inches. 
Main deck: The forecastle extends 31 feet aft from stem, and is succeeded by the 
main or hatching deck, which is 47 feet long. The latter has on each side a gang- 
way port abreast of the foremast 6 feet wide and extending from deck to deck, and 
is raised about 9 inches above it. On the hatches are placed the donkey pump and 
distributing tanks for the hatching apparatus, which is arranged around it. While 
engaged in dredging, the hatching apparatus, excepuing the pump, is entirely removed 
from this deck, and it becomes the working quarters of the naturalists. The beam 
trawls and dredges, which are manipulated from the upper deck, are passed in at the 
gangway port on the starboard side, their contents emptied into sieves and washed, 
and then transferred to swinging tables, where they are sorted, examined, and studied. 
The arrangements for this class of work are very convenient and the working space 
ample. With all the ports open on both sides, the deck receives an abundance of 
light. The donkey pump is used for washing the materials emptied into the sieves. 
The vessel is employed about six months in the year in fish-culture work on the 
Atlantic coast. During the fiscal year 1901 she was engaged in scientific work in 
connection with the Woods Hole laboratory, a survey of the oyster beds of Pamlico 
Sound, a survey of the sponge grounds of the west coast of Florida, and in hatching 
shad on the Delaware River. 
Tanner sounding machine and instruments for deep-sea physical research: 
The Tanner sounding machine is used in depths not exceeding 500 fathoms (3,000 
feet). For greater depths the Sigsbee machine, which reels in sounding wire by steam 
power, is used. On both machines steel piano wire is used in place of the hemp sound- 
ing lines formerly employed, its advantages being strength, lightness, and small bulk. 
With it heavier sinkers can be employed to give an up-and-down trend, and its smaller 
surface per linear foot renders it less liable than the hemp lines to be diverted from 
the vertical by currents. A 65-pound shot on the sounding cylinder is automati- 
cally detached when the bottom is reached, in order to lessen the tension when 
reeling in. The sounding cylinder brings up a specimen from the bottom, the water 
cup takes a sample of water within a few feet of the bottom, and the deep-sea ther- 
mometer automatically records the bottom temperature. 
With the Sigsbee machine the Albatross recently found a depth of 4,813 fathoms 
(about 53 miles), one of the deepest oceanic depressions in the world, about 100 miles 
southeast of Guam. The highest mountain in North America would be covered by 
nearly 2 miles of water if placed in this depression. 
Salinometers: 
Used in determining the salinity or density of sea water. Made in sets of three, 
which together have a range between fresh water and the greatest density found in 
the sea. 
Salinometer cup: 
Used to hold the water being tested by the salinometer. It is provided with a 
thermometer, which furnishes data used in correcting the readings to a standard 
temperature of 15° C. 
Open thermometer: 
Used in determining temperature of air and water. 
Seven-foot beam trawl: 
A beam trawl was displayed, fully rigged and arranged in the position which it 
assumes when in use. This is the most efficient piece of apparatus employed in col- 
lecting specimens from the bottom of the sea, in either shallow or deep water. The 
one exhibited was the smallest used on the vessels of the U. 8. Fish Commission, 
measuring 7 feet across the mouth; the largest form in general use is 11 feet across 
the mouth, and the other dimensions are correspondingly larger. The frame is 
composed of two iron runners connected at the vop by a transverse beam of iron 
piping, to which the upper part of it is secured, The net consists of an outer bag 
