STEVENSON] CEBEMOXIAL USES OF PLANTS 95 



a pinch of the powder to each wari-ior, who phiced it in his month, 

 and, ejecting it into his hands, rubbed them over his face, arms, and 

 body, so that if the enemy's arrows should fly thick about him they 

 could not reach him. Since intertribal wars have ceased, a drama 

 known as the Scalp Ceremony has been performed quadrenially — at 

 least, such was the case until within ten years ago — and on each 

 occasion the elder-brother Bow Priest gave a pinch of the medicine 

 to each personator of a victor. 



Nicotiana attenuata Torr. AVild Tobacco. Solan ace^. Night- 

 shade family. 

 A'na, native tobacco. 



Wliile the leaves of this ])lant are smoked ceremonially by the 

 Zuni, commercial tobacco is always jireferred for general smoking, 

 even in the fraternity chamber and in the chambers dedicated to 

 anthropic worship. 



\\niile the Zuni, like other Indians, smoke a large number of 

 cigarettes during a day, they do not use nearh' as much tobacco as 

 the average white smoker, since each roll of paper or corn-husk con- 

 tains only a veiy small quantity of tobacco. Smokmg by the 

 Indians was origuially ceremonial, and it is still one of the most 

 imi)ortant features of their ritualistic practices. Pipes are in general 

 use among most tribes, mcluding the Pueblos, but the Zuni have not 

 smoked ])ipes for a very long period. The pipes found m the ruins 

 around Zuni would indicate that at some remote time pipe smoking 

 was a feature of Zuni ceremony. 



Opuntia arborescens Engehn. Cane Cactus. CACTACKi;. Cac- 

 tus family. 

 *Ko'sM, 'cactus.' 

 This variet)' of cactus is claiincd as the special property of the 

 *Ko'shi fraternity. They maintain a bed of the plant about three 

 miles from Zuni, on which no one dares to trespass. Part of the 

 ceremony of this fraternity consists in decorating the cactus with 

 fluffy white eagle plimies and in sprinkling meal on the part bearing 

 the plumes. The plants employed for wliipping the bodies of members 

 of the fraternity durmg their ceremonies are gathered from this bed. 

 Very long switches of willow made into bunches are also carried 

 by members of the Cactus fraternity, and are used unmercifully on 

 one another when the cactus is not brought into play. 



Pentstemon torreyi Benth. Beard-tongue. Scrophltlariace^. 



Figwort famil}-. 

 Po'kla a'wa Ictvi'minne, 'jackrabbit aU root' (po'kia, jackrabbit; 



a'wa, all; kim'minne, root). 



