ALPHABET 



a short a with a strong leaning toward i, the strength of which depends 



largely upon the following consonant. Before m, n, w. the a is fairly 

 pure, like the continental a. Before I, I, k' , it is almost I. 



a long sound, always produced with retracted lips, and therefore more 



like a in German Bar. 



j\ distinctly sonant, but more strongly articulated than in English. 



e obscure, weak e, as in flower. 



e continental e with glide toward continental i. 



g' distinctly sonant, anterior palatal, with affricative glide toward y, 



more strongly articulated than English </. 



g. distinctly sonant, middle palatal, like English g in good, but more 



strongly articulated. 



g the analogous velar sound . 



h as in English. 



i, i continental i. 



I open i, as in hill. 



£', k'.' surd and fortis of g' . 



k, kl. surd and fortis of g. 



q,q! surd and fortis of g. 



I sonant I, with full glottal articulation and long continued. 



I! the same, with great stress of articulation . 



m as in English. 



rn' the same, with great stress of articulation. 



n with fuller glottal articulation than in English. 



n! the same, with great stress of articulation. 



o, o as in note, short and long. 



6 like o in German voll. 



d like aw in law. 



p, p! surd and fortis of b. 



r a very weak, strongly sonant, middle palatal trill. 



s the tip of the tongue is turned up and touches the palate just behind 



the alveoli. The teeth are closed, and the air escapes laterally. The 

 acoustic effect is intermediate between s and *h 



t, t! surd and fortis of d. 



u, u like oo in root, short and long. 



w as in English, but more strongly sonant. 



w! the same, with greater stress of articulation . 



x velar spirant, like ch in German Bach. 



y as in year, but more strongly sonant, with full breath. 



y! the same, with greater stress of articulation. 



dz, In, ts! affricative sonant, surd, and fortis, with purer * sound than the s 



described before. 



indicates parasitic vowels which accompany some short and all long 



vowels. These are weak glottal stops with the timbre of the preced- 

 ing vowel. a°, for instance, sounds almost like &A (where A indicates 

 a very weak a), i° like u, e° like ii. After short vowels, the sound 

 resembles a weak glottal stop. 



