1921] Boving: Lai-vae and Pupae of Social Beetles 207 



retracted with tip of cardo articulating at considerable distance 

 behind the ventral condyle of the mandible (vc. Plate VII, fig. 7) ; 

 hypostomal curvation adjacent to both stipes and cardo. Max- 

 illary articulating area large, membranous, placed between 

 stipes, maxillae, cardo, gular plate and posterior part of the 

 mental-submental region. Cardo maxillaris approximately 

 transverse, bidivided, much narrower than long, tip articulating 

 with hypostoma at distinct distance from occipital foramen. 

 Stipes maxillaris connected with the articulating area along the 

 proximal two-thirds of its inner margin ; distal part free. Mala 

 (=maxillary lobe) (lac Plate VIII, fig. 16) simple, projecting as 

 a direct anterior continuation of stipes, apically attenuate, ter- 

 minating with a single, well developed uncus (u Plate VIII, fig. 

 16) ; external apical part of mala (gal Plate VIII, fig. 16) soft- 

 skinned with some strong, straight setae behind uncus:* inner 

 margin of mala set with strong setae. Palpiger maxillaris {pig. 

 mx. Plate VIII, fig. 16) well developed, subtriangular. Maxil- 

 lary palp well developed, three-jointed. Submentum probably 

 fused with mentum, forming together a barrelshaped, free unit 

 (m Plate VII, fig. 7). Labium (proper) posteriorly limited by 

 a chitinous bow, extending between the ends of those rods which 

 laterally support and limit the glossa; palpiger labii not distinct- 

 ly chitinized. Ligula (lig Plate VII, fig. 7) broad.** Labial palp 

 short, two-jointed. Between head and prothorax there is a 

 well developed cervical membrane, capable of being invaginated 

 into and protruded from the anterior part of prothorax. 

 Thoracic segments similar in size and development. Prothor- 

 acic presterna (prst 1 Plate VII, fig. 7) large broad, oval, 



* Possibly corresponding to galea, while chitinized rest of mala is lacinia 

 (lac Plate VIII, fig. 16). 



** The term "ligula" (= glossa, Folsom) is here applied to the median, 

 terminal labial lobe, which is composed of the fused right and left labial 

 malae. For descriptive purposes it appears practical to use special terms 

 for the ventral and buccal surfaces of this lobe; the term "ligula" is here 

 applied only to the ventral surface {lig Plate VII, fig. 7), while the buccal 

 surface is mentioned as "glossa" (glos. Plate VIII, fig. 16). The structure 

 which Schiodte calls "ligula" is not identical with the entire labial lobe in 

 question, as he designates as the ligula only a special, jointed, terminal part 

 of the lobe; the rest, or, when no jointed terminal part is developed, the 

 entire lobe Schiodte calls "lingua," and he applies this teiTn both to the 

 ventral and buccal surfaces. 



