Prof. G. Gulliver on Raphides and other Crystals. 293 
seen the abundance of raphides. And they are plentiful in the 
root, stem, leaves, and decayed flowers of Testudinaria elephan- 
tipes. 
Trilhacee.—Fresh and dried plants of Paris quadrifolia: bun- 
dles of raphides plentiful in leaves, sepals and petals, anthers 
and filaments, testa and berry-coat. Unexpanded flower of 
Trillium grandiflorum : raphides scanty in ovule, but bundles of 
them very numerous in ovary, styles, stamens, corolla, calyx, and 
flower-stalk. 
Zingiberacee.—Fresh leaves of Amomum (A. cinnamomum ?) 
and of Hedychium Gardnerianum; and dried Cardamoms of the 
shops: no raphides; only a few minute lozenge crystals, like 
those of Aurantiaceze, in the leaves and dried capsules. 
Marantacea.—Leaves of Canna Indica and C, iridiflora: afew 
of the lozenge crystals, but no raphides. 
Iridacee.—To the plants before mentioned (‘ Annals,’ Sept. 
1863) may be added Gladiolus insignis and Iris pumila as afford- 
ing excellent examples of the crystal prisms. Most of these 
crystals have four, and a few three, angles; their average length 
is th and their thickness ~1,th of an inch; they abound in 
the leaves of both species, and were seen in the roots of Iris 
pumila. 
Amaryllidacee.—Clivia nobilis: raphides abundant and very 
small near the base of the leaf, but very scarce in it elsewhere. 
Narcissus poeticus, N. biflorus, and the garden Jonquil or Cam- 
pernelle: leaves, bulbs, and roots abounding in raphides. 
Liliacee.— Leaves of Dracena terminalis, Muscart, sp., Tritoma 
Uvaria,and 7.media : numerous raphides and larger crystal prisms. 
Leaves of Lachenalia tricolor, L. pendula, and Asphodelus luteus : 
raphides plentiful. Of the species of Allium, though I have ex- 
amined several once and others repeatedly (viz. A. Ascalonicum, 
A. Cepa, A. Porrum, A. sativum, A. Schenoprasum, A. angulosum, 
A. magicum, A. Moly, and A. ursinum), true raphides were not 
found in any one of these plants; but a section of the genus, as 
observed in the above first four species, is characterized by an 
abundance of crystals in the bulb-scales—right-angled four-sided 
prisms, the ends either obtusely truncated or with very low four- 
sided pyramids; mostly occurring singly, sometimes two, three, 
or four stuck together, occasionally forming crosses; always 
(unlike true raphides) difficult to detach from each other and 
from the tissue in which they are imbedded; commonly about 
sisth of an inch long and ;1;th thick ; well seen in the peel 
of the officinal Shallot, in which they are very plentiful, and 
slightly larger than in the Onion, Garlic, and Leek. 
Melanthacee.—In this order, also, some species are as con- 
