contemporaneously with the Reindeer, in France. 329 
Reindeer in France, we shall only mention that, out of seventeen 
stations where we have ascertained the presence of that animal 
in a state of subjection to the action of man, there is not one 
in which we have observed traces of polishing upon the stone 
weapons; nevertheless the worked flints have been collected 
by thousands, in every variety of type, and passing through all 
degrees of perfection of workmanship, from the roughly sketched 
form of the haches from the diluvium of Abbeville and Saint- 
Acheul, up to the lance-heads with numerous facets and with 
elegantly undulated margins of the best time of the stone age 
in Denmark. 
As to the epoch when the Reindeer ceased to inhabit what is 
now temperate Europe, we have no positive historical or chrono- 
logical data. The Reindeer was never seen or clearly described 
by any author of antiquity. Czesar speaks of it only from hear- 
say, and as an animal still existing somewhere in a forest, of 
which the extreme limits were not reached even after a march of 
sixty days. We have not recognized the Reindeer among the 
animals figured upon the ancient coins of Gaul. Its bones have 
not been found in the dolmens (tumuli) and other burying- 
places regarded as Celtic, in which the remains of wild and 
domestic animals are frequently associated, and in which we 
have even twice observed bones of the beaver in the vicinity of 
Paris. The Reindeer has not yet, so far as we know, been found 
in the French turbaries; nor have MM. Garrigou and Filhol 
indicated its presence in certain caverns of the Ariége, which 
they have justly assimilated, from their zoological characters and 
also from the presence of instruments of polished stones, with 
the most ancient lacustrine habitations of Switzerland. We 
know that the Reindeer is still wanting to the fauna of these 
lacustrine pile-works; and yet we have been able to examine its 
remains, derived from a neighbouring cave (that of Mont-Saléve), 
in which the association of simply worked flints and of mammals 
_ belonging to the same period occurs under the same conditions 
as in our grottos of Périgord. 
Thus, whether the disappearance of the Reindeer from tem- 
perate Europe be the result of a regional extinction of this spe- 
cies, or of its expulsion by the progressive development of 
human societies, or of its gradual and spontaneous retirement 
in consequence of changes in climatic conditions, it is not the 
less probable that this disappearance took place at a phase of 
prehistoric time anterior to the introduction of the domestic 
races and to the use of metals in western Europe. 
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 3. Vol. xii. 22 
