414 Mr. S. A. Buturlin on Birds 



This bird can. be distinguished from its two conspecies 

 even without actual comparison : — 



I. On the terminal half of the two external pairs of 



rectrices white prevails ; the third pair with a 

 white (though sometimes dirty) apical spot; the 

 tibial feathers with white prevailing. 



a. Lower bi'east sulphur- or fulvous-yellow, lightly 



streaked on the sides ; abdomen crimson-red., mediits. 



b. Lower breast golden-yellow, heavily streaked on 



sides ; abdomen scarlet caucasiciis. 



II. Terminal parts of the two external pairs of rectrices 



with black prevailing ; third pair entirely black ; 

 tibial feathers with black prevailing ; abdomen 

 scarlet, lower breast golden-yellow, heavily 

 streaked on the sides sancti-johannis. 



The wings of my adult D. caucasiciis are 121-123 mm. 

 (about 4*8 inches) long, the culmen is about 20 mm. 

 (0-8 inch). 



75. Cinclus rufiventris Hempr. et Ehr. 



The erroneous identification of the Caucasian Dipper with 

 C. cashmeriensis Gould, committed by Seebohm, has since 

 been repeated by M. Menzbier and other writers on Caucasian 

 ornithology. Only Dr. Bianchi and Mr. Derjugin (K. M. 

 Derjugin, "Materials for an Avifauna of the Chorokh District 

 — South-western Transcaucasia — and. of the Neighbourhood 

 of Trebizond," in Ann. Mus. Zool. Ac. Sc. St. Pet. vol. v. 

 1900, p. 43, in Russ.) have pointed out that the Caucasian 

 Dipper has nothing at all to do with C. cashmeriensis, in 

 which the belly and lower breast are uniformly dark brown, 

 while in Caucasian birds this dark brown colour becomes 

 decidedly more rufous near its junction with the white 

 colouring of the upper breast and chest. Evidently the Cau- 

 casian birds are much nearer to the European White-chested 

 Dippers, but differ (as Dr. Bianchi points out) from C. albi- 

 collisYieiYl. in the darker brown belly, from C. cinclus L.in the 

 absence of black on the middle of it, and from C. aquaticus 

 Bechst. in the brighter rufous at the junction of the. dark 

 and white parts of the breast. 



