mallkki i PETROGLYPHS IN SOUTH AND NORTHWEST. 23 



which red, yellow, and black predominated, and to marks, signs, and figures depicted 

 on skins and scratched on wood, tho shoulder blade of a buffalo, or on stone. The 

 smoolh baik of a standing tree or the face of a rock was usod to commemorate some 

 feat of arms, to indicate the direction and strength of a military expedition, or the 

 solemnization of a treaty of peace. High up the perpendicular sides of mountain 

 gorges, and at points apparently inaccessible save to the fowls of the air, are seen 

 representations of the sun and moon, accompanied by rude characters, the signifi- 

 cance of which is frequently unknown to the present observer. The motive which 

 incited to the execution of work so perilous was. doubtless, religious in its character, 

 and directly connected with the worship of the sun and his pale consort of the night. 



The same author, page 377, particularly describes ami illustrates one 

 in < reorgia, as follows : 



In Forsyth County, Georgia, is a carved or incised bowlder of fine-grained granite, 

 about 9 feet long, 4 feet ii inches high, and 3 feet broad at its widest point. The 

 figures are cut in the bowlder from one-half to three-fourths ofan inch deep. * It is 

 generally believed that they are the work of the Cherokees. 



These figures are chiefly circles, both plain, nucleated, and concentric, 

 sometimes two or more being joined by straight lines, forming what is 

 now known as the "spectacle-shaped" figure. 



Dr. M. F. Stephenson mentions, in Geology and Mineralogy of Geor- 

 gia. Atlanta, 187), p. 199, sculptures of human feet, various animals, 

 bear tracks, etc., in Enchanted Mountain, Union County, Georgia. The 

 whole number of etchings is reported as one hundred and forty-six. 



ROCK CARVINGS IN IOWA. 



Mr. P. W. Norris found numerous caves on the banks of the Missis- 

 sippi River, in Northeastern Iowa, ± miles south of New Albion, con- 

 fining incised pictographs. Fifteen miles south of this locality paint- 

 ings occur on the cliffs. 



ROCK CARVINGS IN MINNESOTA. 



.Mr. P. W. X orris has discovered large numbers of pecked totemic 

 characters on the horizontal face of the ledges of rock at Pipe Stone 

 Quarry, Minnesota, of which he has presented copies. The custom 

 prevailed, it is stated, for each Indian who gathered stone (Catlinite) 

 for pipes to inscribe his totem upon the rock before venturing to 

 quarry upon this ground. Some of the cliffs in the immediate vicinity 

 were of too hard a nature to admit of pecking or scratching, and upon 

 these the characters were placed in colors. 



