104 PICTOGRAPHS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS. 



No. III. Blackfeet Dakotas stole some American horses having shoes 

 on. Horseshoes seen for the first time. 



Mato Sapa says: Blackfeet Dakota stole American horses with shoes 

 on, then first seen by them. 



.Major Bush agrees with Mato Sapa. 



White-Cow Killer calls it "Brought in-horseshoes winter." 



Battiste Good says: "Brought-koine-Pawuee-korses-with-iron shoes- 

 on winter." 



1803-'04. — No. I. A Blackfeet steals many curly horses from the As- 

 sinaboines. 



No. II. They stole some "curly horses" from the Crows. Some of 

 these horses are still seen on the plains, the hair growing in closely 

 curling tufts, resembling in texture the negro's woolly pile. The device 

 is a horse with black marks for the tufts. The Crows are known to have 

 been early in the possession of horses. 



No. III. Uncpapa Dakotas stole five woolly horses from the Bee In- 

 dians. 



"White-Cow-Killer calls it "Plenty-woolly-horses winter." 



Mato Sapa says : Uncpapa stole from the Bees five horses having 

 curly hair. 



Major Bush same as last, using " woolly" instead of "curly." 



Battiste Good says: "Brought-home-Pawnee-horses-with-their-hair- 

 rough aud-curly winter." 



1 804-'05.— No. I. Calumet dance. Tall-Mandau born. 



No. II. The Dakotas had a calumet dance and then went to war. 

 The device is a long pipe-stem, ornamented with feathers and streamers. 

 The feathers are white, with black tips, evidently the tail feathers of 

 the adult golden eagle [Aguila chrysaetos), highly prized by all Indians. 

 The streamers anciently were colored strips of skin or flexible bark; 

 now gayly colored strips of cloth are used. The word calumet is a cor- 

 ruption of the French chalumeau, and the pipe among all the Mississippi 

 tribes was a symbol of peace. Captain Carver, in his Three Years' 

 Travels Through the Interior Parts of North America, Philadelphia, 

 1790, which travels began in 17GG, after puzzling over the etymology 

 of the word calumet (that honest "captain of Provincial troops" obvi- 

 ously not understanding French), reports it as "about 4 feet long, 

 bowl of red marble, stem of a light wood curiously painted with hiero- 

 glyphics in various colors and adorned with feathers. Every nation 

 lias a different method of decorating these pipes and can tell at once to 

 what band it belongs. It is used as an introduction to all treaties, also 

 as a flag of truce is among Europeans." The event commemorated in 

 the figure was probably a couucil of some of the various tribes of the 

 nation for settlement of all internal difficulties, so as to act unitedly 

 against the common enemy. J. C. Beltrami, who visited the Dakotas 

 not long after this date, describes them in his Pilgrimage, London, 

 1828, as divided into independent tribes, managing their separate affairs 



