140 PICTOGRAPHS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS. 



times be ties eagle or hawk plumes to the stem of his pipe, and, after 

 quitting the village, repairs to the top of some hill and makes an offer- 

 ing of them to the sun, taking them from his pipe and tying them to a 

 pole, which he erects in a pile of stones. (Some of the stone-heaps seen 

 on the hills in the Arapaho country originated in this way, but most of 

 them were made by dreamers, who withdraw from their people to de- 

 vote themselves in solitude to contemplation, fastiug, and prayer, in 

 order to work themselves into a state of rapture, hoping to have visions 

 and receive messages from spirits.) Those who intend to follow him 

 usually join him at the first camp, equipped for the expedition ; but 

 often there are some who do not join him until he has gone further on. 

 He eats nothing before leaving the village, nor as long as the sun is up; 

 but breaks his fast at his first camp, after the sun sets. The next morn- 

 ing he begins another fast, to be continued until sunset. He counts his 

 party, saddles his horse, names some place six or seven miles ahead, 

 where he says he will halt for awhile, and again rides oft' alone with his 

 pipe in his hand. After awhile the party follow him in single file. When 

 they have reached his halting place he tells them to dismount and let 

 their horses graze. They all then seat themselves on the ground on 

 the left of the leader, forming a semicircle, facing the sun. The leader 

 fills his pipe, all bow their heads, and, pointing the stem of the pipe up- 

 ward, he prays to the sun, asking that they may find an abundance of 

 game, that dead-shots may be made, so that their ammunition will not 

 be wasted, but reserved for their enemies ; that they may easily find 

 their enemies and kill them ; that they may be preserved from wounds 

 and death. He makes his petition four times, then lights his pipe, and 

 after sending a few whiffs of smoke skyward as incense to the sun, 

 hands the pipe to his neighbor, who smokes and passes it on to the next. 

 It is passed from one to another, toward the left, until all have smoked, 

 the leader refilling it as often as necessary. They then proceed to their 

 next camp, where probably others join them. The same programme is 

 carried out for three or four days before the party is prepared for 

 action. 



1839-'40.— No. I. Left-Handed-Big-Nose was killed by the Shoshoni. 

 His left arm is represented extended, and his nose is very conspicuous. 

 American-Horse was born in the spring of 1840. 



No. II. They killed a Crow and his squaw, who were found on a trail. 



White-Cow-Killer calls it " Large- war-party -huugry-eat Pawnee- 

 horses winter." 



1840-'41. — No. I. Sitting-Bear, American-Horse's father, and others, 

 stole two hundred horses from the Flat Heads. A trailing lariat is in 

 the man's hand. 



No. II. They stole one hundred (many) horses from the Snakes. 



White-Cow-Killer calls it " Little-Thunder's-brothers-killed wiuter." 



1841-'42. — No. I. The Oglalas engaged in a drunken brawl, which re- 



