mallkhv .] DANCES AND CEREMONIES. 195 



Haida men and women at one time looking at those pictures and talk 

 and explain to each other their meaning. One chief who speaks Eng- 

 lish said to me after he had for a long time examined the pictures, 

 'Those are our people ; they do as we do. If you wish, I will make you 

 just such masks as those in the pictures.' 



"These Indians know nothing, and recognize nothing in the Hebrew 

 or Egyptian, the Chinese or Japanese pictures, but when I show them 

 any Central or South American scenes, if they do not understand them 

 they recognize that they are ' their people.' " 



According to Stephen Powers (in Contrib. to N. A. Ethnol. Ill, p. 140), 

 there is at the head of Potter Valley, California, " a singular knoll of red 

 earth which the Tatu or Huchnom believe to have furnished the mate- 

 rial for the creation of the original coyote-man. They mix this red 

 earth into their acorn bread, and employ it for painting their bodies on 

 divers mystic occasions." Mr. Powers supposed this to be a ceremonial 

 performance, but having found the custom to extend to other tribes he 

 was induced to believe the statements of the Indians " that it made the 

 bread sweeter and go further." 



See also the mnemonic devices relative to Songs, page 82, and to Tra- 

 ditions, page 84 ; also page 237. 



Plate LXXXII represents stone heaps surmounted by buffalo skulls 

 found near the junction of the Yellowstone and Missouri Rivers by Prince 

 Maximiliau zu Wied, and described in his Eeise in das Innere Nord- 

 America. Cobleuz, 1841, II, p. 435. Atlas plate 29. The description 

 by him, as translated in the London edition, is as follows : " Erom the 

 highest points of this ridge of hills, curious signals are perceived at 

 certain distances from one another, consisting of large stones and granite 

 blocks, piled up by the Assiniboins, on the summits of each of which are 

 placed Buffalo skulls, and which were erected by the Indians, as alleged, 

 for the purpose of attracting the Bison herds, and to have a successful 

 hunt." 



Thisobjective monument is to be compared with the pictographs above, 

 " making buffalo medicine," frequent in the Dakota Winter Couats. 



Descriptions of ceremonies in medicine lodges and in the initiation 

 of candidates to secret associations have been published with and with- 

 out illustrations. The most striking of these are graphic ceremonial 

 charts made by the Indians themselves. Figure 38, on page 3C, is con- 

 nected with this subject, as is also No. 7 of Figure 122, page 205. A 

 good illustration is to be found in Mis. Eastman's Dahcotah, or Life and 

 Legends of the Sioux, page 206. Sketches, with descriptions of draw- 

 ings used in the ceremonials of the Zuni and Navajo, have been made 

 by Messrs. dishing and Stevenson and Dr. Matthews, but cannot be 

 published here. 



Figure Ilia was drawn and interpreted by Naumoff, a Kadiak native, 

 in Sau Francisco, California, in 1882. 



It represents the ground plan of a Shaman's lodge with the Shaman 

 curing a sick man. 



