HABITATIONS AFFECTED BY ENVIRONMENT. 477 



FLAT AND TERRACED ROOFS DEVELOPED FROM SLOPING MESA-SITES. 



We cannot fail to take notice of the indications which this brings 

 before us. 



(1) It is quite probable that the overlapping resulted from an in- 

 crease iu the numbers of the ancient builders relative to available area, 

 this, as iu the first instance, leading to a further massing together of 

 the houses. (2) It suggested the employment of rafters and the forma- 

 tion of the flat roof, as a means of supplying a level entrance way 

 and floor to rooms which, built above and to the rear of a first line of 

 houses, yet extended partially over the latter. (3) This is I think the 

 earliest form of the terrace. 



Fig. 495.— Section illustrating evolution of flat roof and terrace. 



It is therefore not surprising that the flat roof of today is named 

 te Wos Tcw'in ne, from te, space, region, extension, ¥os faei e, to cut off 

 in the sense of closing or shutting in from one side, and kic'in ne, place 

 of. Nor is it remarkable that no type of ruin in the Southwest seems to 

 connect these first terraced towns with the later not only terraced but 

 also literally cellular buildings, which must be regarded nevertheless as 

 developed from them. The reason for this will become evident on fur- 

 ther examination. 



The modern name for house is IcHd Tcw'in ne, from TcHd we, water, and 

 kwin ne, place of, literally " watering place;" which is evidence that the 

 first properly so called houses known to the Pueblos were solitary and 

 built near springs, pools, streams, or well-places. The universal occur- 

 rence of the vestiges of single houses throughout the less forbiddiug 

 tracts of the Pueblo country (see Figs. 49G and 497) leads to this infer- 

 ence and to the supposition that the necessity for protection being at 

 last overcome, the denizens of the lava-fields, where planting was well- 

 nigh impossible, descended, building wherever conditions favored the 

 horticulture which gradually came to be their chief means of support. 

 As irrigation was not known until long afterwards, arable areas were 

 limited, hence they were compelled to divide into families or small 



