480 



PUEBLO TOTTERY AND ZUNI CULTURE-GROWTH. 



around the roof of the cavern. What more natural than that this upper 

 room should take a name most descriptive of its situation — as that por- 

 tion built around the cavern shelter or osh ten — or that, when the inter- 

 vention of peace made return to the abandoned farms of the plains or a 

 change of condition possible, the idea of the second story should be carried 

 along and the name first applied to it survive, even to the present day! 

 That the upper story took its name from the rock-shelter may be further 

 illustrated. The word osh ten comes from 6 sho nan te, the condition of 

 being dusky, dank, or mildewy ; clearly descriptive of a cavern, but 

 not of the most open, best lighted, and driest room in a Pueblo house. 

 To continue, we may see how the necessity for protection would drive 

 the petty clans more and more to the cliffs, how the latter at every 

 available point would ultimately come to be occupied, and thus how the 

 " Cliff -dwelling" (see Fig. 498), was confined to no one section but was 

 as universal as the farm-house type of architecture itself, so widespread, 

 in fact, that it has been heretofore regarded as the monument of a great, 

 now extinct race of people ! 



COMMUNAL PUEBLOS DEVELOPED FROM CONGREGATION OF CLIFF- 

 HOUSE TRIBES. 



We may see, finally, how at last the canons proved too limited and 

 in other ways undesirable for occupation, the result of which was the 

 confederation of the scattered cliff dwelling clans, and the construction, 



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FlG. 499. — Typical terraced communal pueblo. 



