742 THE GHOST-DANCE KELIGION [Era uw.14 



the Wasco treaty of 1855 under the name of "Wyam or Lower De 

 Chutes band of Walla-Wallas," and are now on Warmspring reserva- 

 tion in Oregon. Their number is not separately reported. 



Tai'-a(> (Shahaptian stock). — Synonyms: Taigh, Ta-ih, Tairthi, 

 Tyich. A tribe speaking the Tenino language and formerly occupying 

 the country about Tygh and White rivers, in Wasco county, Oregon. 

 The name Tai'-aq refers to the stream and denotes •• muddy, white 

 water. - ' They took part in the Wasco treaty of 1855 under the name of 

 "Ta-ih or Upper l>e Chutes band of Walla- Wallas,'' and are now on 

 Warmspring reservation. Oregon. Their number is not reported. 



TfLQTTNl (Shahaptian stock). — A tribe formerly claiming the country 

 between Tygh valley and Warmspring river, west of Des Chutes river, 

 in the present Wasco county, Oregon. They are now on Warmspring 

 reservat ion. in the same neighborhood. They have never been officially 

 mentioned under their Indian name and may be considered the Warm- 

 spring proper, although this name is local rather than tribal. They 

 speak the Tenino language. See Tenino. 



Tenino or Meli'-'lema (Shahaptian stock).— The most important 

 Shahaptian tribe of western Oregon. They formerly occupied middle 

 Des Chutes river, and conquered the present Warmspring reservation 

 from the Paiute or Snake tribes, but never occupied it until put there 

 by the Wasco treaty of 1855. Since then they have been known indis- 

 criminately as Tenino or Warmspring Indians, although this latter 

 designation is commonly used to include other cognate tribes on the 

 same reservation. For this reason it is impossible to give their number 

 definitely. The Tenino language, in various dialects, is spoken, except- 

 ing by the Lohini, by all the tribes formerly living on both banks of the 

 Columbia, and on its tributaries from the country of the Wasko about 

 The Dalles up to about the mouth of the Umatilla. 



Most of this region, on the south or Oregon side of the Columbia, 

 was formerly held by Shoshonean tribes of Paiute connection, which 

 have been dispossessed by the Shahaptian tribes and driven farther 

 back to the south. The only Shoshonean tribe which maintained its 

 place on the Columbia was the Lohim, on Willow creek. The Tenino 

 themselves conquered the present Warmspring reservation from the 

 Snakes. The expulsion was in full progress when Lewis and Clark 

 went down the Columbia in 1S05, but had been practically completed 

 when the first treaties were made with these tribes fifty years later, 

 Lewis and Clark state that "-on that (the south) side of the river none 

 of the tribes have any permanent habitations, and on inquiry we were 



confirmed in our belief that it was fr the fear of being attacked bj (lie 



Snake Indians, with whom they are constantly at war. This nation 

 they represent as being very numerous and residing in a great number 

 of villages on the Towahnahiook (Wanwauior Des Chutes), where they 

 live principally on salmon, . . . the first villages of the Snake 

 Indians being twelve days' journey on a course about southeast of this 



