moonev] ARAPAHO WARRIOR ORDERS 989 



the ground, tied themselves to them by means of the straps, thus anchor 

 ing themselves in front of the battle. Here they remained until, if the 

 battle seemed lost, they themselves gave the order to retreat. Even 

 then they waited until some of their own society released them by pull- 

 ing the lances out of the ground and whipping them away from the 

 place with a peculiar quirt carried only by the private members of this 

 division. No one was allowed to retreat without their permission, on 

 penalty of disgrace, nor were they themselves allowed to retire until 

 thus released. Should their followers forget to release them in the.oon- 

 fusion of retreat, they were expected to die at their posts. They could 

 not be released excepting by one of their own division, and anyone else 

 attempting to pull up the lances from the ground was resisted as an 

 enemy. When pursued on the retreat, they must give up their horses 

 to the women, if necessary, and either find other horses or turn and 

 face the enemy alone on foot. They seldom accompanied any but large 

 war parties, and, although they did but little actual fighting, their 

 very presence inspired the warriors with desperate courage, and the 

 driving of their lances into the ground was always understood as the 

 signal for an encounter to the death. 



The seventh order was that of the Xiinaha'/cii, a word of which the 

 meaning is now unknown. This was a secret order. They had no 

 dance and their ceremonies were witnessed only by themselves. They 

 did not fight, but accompanied the war parties, and every night in 

 secret performed ceremonies and prayers for their success. 



The eighth and highest order was that of the GM'nachine'na or 

 Water-pouring men, the '-seven venerable priests" to whom the song 

 refers. They were the high priests and instructors of all the other 

 orders, and were seven ill number, from among the oldest warriors of 

 the tribe. Their name refers to their pouring the water over the heated 

 stones in the sweat-house to produce steam. They had no dance, and 

 were not expected to go to war, although one of the seven was allowed 

 to accompany the war party, should he so elect. Their ceremonies were 

 performed in a large sweat-lodge, called cMnachichi'bat, which, when 

 the whole tribe was camped together, occupied the center of the circle, 

 between the entrance and the lodge in which was kept the sacred medi- 

 cine pipe. Unlike the ordinary sweat-lodge, this one had no mound 

 and buffalo skull in front of the. entrance. 



The warrior organization of the Kiowa is called Ya''pahe, "Soldiers," 

 and consisted of six orders, each with its own dance, songs, and cere- 

 monial dress. 1. Polanyup or Tsaii'yui, "Rabbits." These were boys 

 and young men from 8 to 15 years of age. Their dance, in which 

 they were drilled by certain old men, has a peculiar step, in imitation 

 of the jumping movement of a rabbit; 2. Adalto'yui, or Te'nbiyu'i, 

 "Young Mountain Sheep," literally " Herders or Cormiers ; " :;. Tserita'n - 

 mo, "Horse Head-dress (?) people;" 4. "Tonkon'ko (?) "Black-leg peo- 

 ple;" 5. T i iinpe'~ko, "Skunkberry (?) people;" G. Kd'itsen'Tco, "Prin- 

 cipal Dogs or Real Dogs." These last were the highest warrior 



