1094 THE GHOST-DANCE RELIGION [eth.ann. 14 



rest of the people and animals under the ground, where they still 

 remain. Those who had come out sat down and cried a long time for 

 their friends below, hence the name of the place. Because the Caddo 

 came out of the ground they call it inn', mother, and go back to it 

 when they die. Because they have had the pipe and the drum and the 

 corn and pumpkins since they have been a people, they hold fast to 

 these things and have never thrown them away. 



From this place they spread out toward the west, following up the 

 course of Red river, along which they made their principal settlements. 

 For a long time they lived on Caddo lake, on the boundary between 

 Louisiana and Texas, their principal village on the lake being called 

 Sha'chidi'ni, "Timber hill." Their acquaintance with the whites began 

 at a very early period. One of their tribes, the Nada'ko, is mentioned 

 under the name of Naudacao in the narrative of De Soto's expedition 

 as early as 1540. The Kadohadacho were known to the French as early 

 as 1087. The relations of the Caddo with the French and Spaniards 

 were intimate and friendly. Catholic missions were established among 

 them about the year 1700 and continued to exist until 1812, when the 

 missions were suppressed by the Spanish government and the Indians 

 were scattered. In the meantime Louisiana had been purchased by the 

 United States, and the Caddo soon began to be pushed awayfrom their 

 ancient villages into the western territory, where they were exposed to 

 the constant inroads of the prairie tribes. From this time their decline 

 was rapid, and the events of the Texan and Mexican wars aided still fur- 

 ther in their demoralization. They made their first treaty with the 

 United States in 1835, at which time they were chietiy in Louisiana, 

 southwest of lied river and adjoining Texas. They afterward removed 

 to Brazos river in Texas, and to Washita river in Indian Territory in 

 1850. When the rebellion broke out, the Caddo, not wishing to take 

 up arms against the government, fled north into Kansas and remained 

 there until the close of the war, when they returned to the Washita. 

 Their present reservation, which they hold only by executive order and 

 jointly with the Wichita, lies between Washita and Canadian rivers in 

 western Oklahoma, having the Cheyenne and Arapaho on the north 

 and west and the Kiowa, Comanche, and Apache on the south. In 

 1893 they numbered 507. 



In person the Caddo are rather smaller and darker than the neigh- 

 boring prairie tribes, and from their long residence in Louisiana, they 

 have a considerable admixture of French blood. They are an agricul- 

 tural tribe, raising large crops of corn, pumpkins, and melons, and still 

 retaining industrious habits in spite of their many vicissitudes of for- 

 tune. They were never buffalo hunters until they came out on the 

 plains. They formerly lived in conical grass houses like the Wichita, 

 but are now in log houses and generally wear citizen's dress excepting 

 in the dance. The old custom which gave rise to the name and tribal 

 sign of "Pierced Nose'' is now obsolete. In 1801! Sibley said of them, 

 "They arc brave, despise danger or death, and boast that they have 



