OF THE BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY. NXT 
the language, for they combine in clusters, and are not easily 
analyzed, and their functions are often obscure. 
The inflection of nouns by case endings and postpositions is 
rich in forms; that of the adjective and numeral less elaborate. 
Of the pronouns, only the demonstrative show a complexity 
of forms. 
Another feature of this language is found in verbs appended 
to certain numerals, and thus serving as numerical classifiers. 
These verbs express methods of counting and relate to form; 
that is, in each case they present the Indian in the act of 
counting objects of a particular form and placing them in 
groups of tens. 
The appended verbs used as classifiers signify to place, but 
in Indian languages we are not apt to find a word so highly 
differentiated as place, but in its stead a series of words with 
verbs and adverbs undifferentiated, each signifying to place, 
with a qualification, as I place upon, I lay alongside of, I stand up, 
by, etc. Thus we get classifiers attached to numerals in the 
Klamath, analogous to the classifiers attached to verbs, nouns, 
numerals, etc., in the Ponka, as mentioned above. 
These classifiers in Klamath are further discriminated as to 
form; but these form discriminations are the homologues of 
attitude discriminations in the Ponka, for the form determines 
the attitude. 
It is interesting to note how often in these lower languages 
_ attitude or form is woven into the grammatic structure. Per- 
haps this arises from a condition of expression imposed by the 
want of the verb éo be, so that when existence in place is to be 
affirmed, the verbs of attitude, 7. e., to stand, to sit, to lie, and 
sometimes to move, are used to predicate existence in place, 
and thus the mind comes habitually to consider all things as 
in the one or the other of these attitudes. The process of 
growth seems to be that verbs of attitude are primarily used 
to affirm existence in place until the habit of considering the 
attitude is established; thus participles of attitude are used 
with nouns, &c., and finally, worn down by the law of phonic 
change, for economy, they become classifying particles. ‘This 
